PA-RISC

第一款芯片的型号为PA-8000，主频为180MHz，后来陆续推出PA—8200、PA-8500和PA-8600等型号。HP公司开发的64位微处理器PA-8700于2001年上半年正式投入服务器和工作站的使用。这种新型处理器的设计主频达到800MHz以上。PA-8700使用的工艺是0.18微米SOI铜CMOS工艺，采用7层铜导体互连，芯片上的高速成缓存达到2.25MB，比PA-8600增加了50%。

HP公司陆续推出PA-8800和PA-8900处理器，其主频分别达到1GHz和1.2GHz。RA-RISC同时也是IA-64的基础。在未来的IA-64芯片中，会继续保持许多PA-RISC芯片的重要特性，包括PA-RISC的虚拟存储架构、统一数据格式、浮点运算、多媒体和图形加速等。

http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/PA-RISC

PA-RISC ，由惠普公司开发的一种处理器指令集架构，属于精简指令集架构。PA 是指精准指令集架构（Precision Architecture），所以它又被称为 惠普精准指令集架构 （Hewlett Packard Precision Architecture，HP/PA）。它首次出现于1986年2月26日，HP 3000 930系列以及HP 9000 840模式处理器之中。

它之后被惠普公司与英特尔联合开发的Itanium指令集架构所取代。

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PA-RISC

PA-RISC

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

PA-RISC (HP/PA)

Designer	Hewlett-Packard
Bits	64-bit (32→64)
Introduced	1986 (1996 PA-RISC 2.0)
Version	2.0 (1996)
Design	RISC
Encoding	Fixed
Branching	Compare and branch
Endianness	Big
Extensions	Multimedia Acceleration eXtensions (MAX), MAX-2
Open	No
Registers
General purpose	32
Floating point	32 64-bit (16 64-bit in PA-RISC 1.0)

HP PA-RISC 7300LC Microprocessor

PA-RISC is an instruction set architecture (ISA) developed by Hewlett-Packard. As the name implies, it is a reduced instruction set computer (RISC) architecture, where the PA stands for Precision Architecture . The design is also referred to as HP/PA for Hewlett Packard Precision Architecture .

The architecture was introduced on 26 February 1986 when the HP 3000 Series 930 and HP 9000 Model 840 computers were launched featuring the first implementation, the TS1. ^{[1] [2]}

PA-RISC has been succeeded by the Itanium (originally IA-64) ISA jointly developed by HP and Intel. ^[3] HP stopped selling PA-RISC-based HP 9000 systems at the end of 2008 but will support servers running PA-RISC chips until 2013. ^[4]

Contents

[hide]

• 1 History
• 2 CPU specifications
• 3 See also
• 4 References
• 5 External links

History[edit]

In the late 1980s HP was building four series of computers, all based on CISC CPUs. One line was the IBM PC compatible Intel i286 based Vectra Series started 1986. All others were non-Intel systems. One of them was the HP Series 300 of Motorola 68000-based workstations, another Series 200 line of technical workstations based on a custom silicon on sapphire (SOS) chip design, the SOS based 16-bit HP 3000 classic series and finally the HP 9000 Series 500 minicomputers, based on their own (16 and 32-bit) FOCUS microprocessor. HP planned to use PA-RISC to move all of their non-PC compatible machines to a single RISC CPU family.

Precision Architecture was introduced in 1986. It had thirty-two 32-bit integer registers and sixteen 64-bit floating-point registers. The number of floating-point registers was doubled in the 1.1 version to 32 once it became apparent that 16 were inadequate and restricted performance. The architects included Allen Baum, Hans Jeans, Michael J. Mahon, Ruby Bei-Loh Lee, Russel Kao, Steve Muchnick, Terrence C. Miller, David Fotland, and William S. Worley. ^[5]

The first implementation was the TS1, a central processing unit built from discrete transistor-transistor logic (74F TTL) devices. Later implementations were multi-chip VLSI designs fabricated in NMOS processes (NS1 and NS2) and CMOS (CS1 and PCX). They were first used in a new series of HP 3000 machines in the late 1980s – the 930 and 950, commonly known at the time as Spectrum systems, the name given to them in the development labs. These machines ran MPE/iX. The HP 9000 machines were soon upgraded with the PA-RISC processor as well, running the HP-UX version ofUNIX.

Other operating systems ported to the PA-RISC architecture include Linux, OpenBSD, NetBSD and NEXTSTEP.

An interesting aspect of the PA-RISC line is that most of its generations have no Level 2 cache. Instead large Level 1 caches are used, formerly as separate chips connected by a bus, and now integrated on-chip. Only the PA-7100LC and PA-7300LC had L2 caches. Another innovation of the PA-RISC was the addition of vectorized instructions (SIMD) in the form of MAX, which were first introduced on the PA-7100LC.

The ISA was extended in 1996 to 64-bits, with this revision named PA-RISC 2.0. PA-RISC 2.0 also added fused multiply–add instructions, which help certain floating-point intensive algorithms, and the MAX-2 SIMD extension, which provides instructions for accelerating multimedia applications. The first PA-RISC 2.0 implementation was the PA-8000, which was introduced in January 1996.

CPU specifications[edit]

Model	Marketing name	Year	Frequency [MHz]	Memory Bus [MB/s]	Process [µm]	Transistors [millions]	Die size [mm²]	Power [W]	Dcache [kB]	Icache [kB]	L2 cache [MB]	ISA	Notes
TS-1	?	1986	8	?	?	—	—	?	?	?	—	1.0
CS-1	?	1987	8	?	1.6	0.164	72.93	1	—	0.25	—	1.0	[6]
NS-1	?	1987	25/30	?	1.5	0.144	70.56	?	?	?	—	1.0	[7]
NS-2	?	1989	27.5/30	?	1.5	0.183	196	27	512	512	—	1.0	[8]
PCX	?	1990	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	1.0
PCX-S	PA-7000	1991	66	?	1.0	0.58	201.6	?	256	256	—	1.1a
PCX-T	PA-7100	1992	33–100	?	0.8	0.85	196	?	2048	1024	—	1.1b
PCX-T	PA-7150	1994	125	?	0.8	0.85	196	?	2048	1024	—	1.1b
PCX-T'	PA-7200	1994	120	960	0.55	1.26	210	30	1024	2048	—	1.1c
PCX-L	PA-7100LC	1994	60–100	?	0.75	0.9	201.6	7–11	—	1	2	1.1d
PCX-L2	PA-7300LC	1996	132–180	?	0.5	9.2	260.1	?	64	64	0–8	1.1e
PCX-U	PA-8000	1996	160–180	960	0.5	3.8	337.68	?	1024	1024	—	2.0
PCX-U+	PA-8200	1997	200–240	960	0.5	3.8	337.68	?	2048	2048	—	2.0
PCX-W	PA-8500	1998	300–440	1920	0.25	140	467	?	1024	512	—	2.0	[9]
PCX-W+	PA-8600	2000	360–550	1920	0.25	140	467	?	1024	512	—	2.0	[9]
PCX-W2	PA-8700(+)	2001	625–875	1920	0.18	186	304	<7.1@1.5 V	1536	768	—	2.0
Mako	PA-8800	2003	800–1000	6400	0.13	300	361	?	768/core	768/core	0 or 32	2.0
Shortfin	PA-8900	2005	800–1100	6400	0.13	?	?	?	768/core	768/core	64	2.0

RISC-based processor architectures Active Altera Nios II Analog Devices Blackfin ARM Atmel AVR Atmel AVR32 DLX eSi-RISC M32R LatticeMico8 LatticeMico32 MIPS OpenRISC Power ISA S+core ShenWei SPARC Renesas SuperH Unicore Xilinx MicroBlaze Xilinx Picoblaze XMOS XCore XS1 Historic AMD 29000 Apollo PRISM Clipper DEC Alpha Intel i860 Intel i960 Motorola 88000 PA-RISC