communitydynamics的简单介绍

what is "community dynamics"?

Ecosystem processes:

community dynamics

by Peter Donovan

Soil scientist Michael Crofoot has said, "Ecological processes are not only more complex than we think, they are more complex than we can ever think." An understanding and appreciation of the ecosystem as process or processes--water cycle, energy flow, mineral cycle, and community dynamics or succession--allows us to work with, rather than against, the complexity of the ecosystem (Allan Savory, Holistic Management: A New Framework for Decision Making).

The concept of ecological succession was developed by plant ecologists who observed a series of stages, or vegetation communities, over time. For example, the development of algae and moss, lichens, is then followed where possible by grass, and perhaps trees or shrubs.

On surfaces such as bare rock, extremes of temperature and lack of moisture-holding capacity severely limit the life forms that can establish themselves. Succession is one word for the ways that living organisms build soil and habitat on bare rock. As succession advances (or declines), communities of organisms change. In order to be successful, an organism must adapt to the successional community of organisms in which it lives and helps create.

Ecological succession is also a force, a coiled spring. In most areas we can maintain a monoculture (wheat for example) only with continued high inputs, and even then we will have to change what we do to fight successive pathogens and weeds. Diversity of species, both above and below ground, is intrinsically more stable and cheaper to maintain. But succession is not a linear force. Organisms such as yellowstar thistle or knapweed may form virtual monocultures for years, with secretions or mycorrhizal associations that may inhibit successional advance to a more complex community.

Many people view the natural world as pretty much a question of competition. They see plants competing for water, sunlight, and nutrients. The even spacing of bunchgrasses on a south-facing hillside, or of trees in a forest, is clear evidence of competition. Resources are scarce, organisms compete for them, and survival goes to the strong. Our role as managers is to help the good species win over the bad.

But this isn't fact. It is a belief, often strongly held. If you have this belief, it is easy to assemble "facts" to back up the belief at every point.

But other beliefs are possible. The even spacing of bunchgrasses on a south hillside, or trees in the forest, can be just as much evidence of synergy and community--the plants are helping each other create the conditions in which the community can flourish. Trees shelter each other from destructive winds and moisture loss. They contribute to a biological community--a whole forest--in which the individual tree can succeed. Likewise each bunchgrass plant helps its neighbors by holding soil and moisture, contributing organic matter, and contributing in countless and perhaps "unthinkable" ways to a biological community to which the individual bunchgrass plant is well adapted.

One belief is not intrinsically better or truer than the other, nor are they mutually exclusive, but they do have different consequences, different results.

The perspective of community dynamics or ecological succession enables us to manage whole communities rather than individual species or even habitats. It becomes possible to see, monitor, and manage for relationships and interdependencies that enhance pleasure and profit.

As with the water cycle, mineral cycle, and energy flow, the condition of the soil surface is critical. In brittle environments, where moisture is seasonal and intermittent, succession may not advance from bare ground or algae and mosses to grasses without soil disturbance and the creation of microenvironments where grass seedlings can become established--such as can be provided by grazing animals.

But as with the other ecosystem processes, the perspective of community dynamics enables us to go beyond the question of whether there are or aren't hoofprints, whether this piece of land is grazed or ungrazed, logged or unlogged, with "native" organisms or exotic ones. Instead we ask, how can we create, manage for, or adapt to the kind of community that will sustain us?

This kind of whole-ecosystem management cannot be mandated or legislated. It is a different kind of result than what rules, prescriptions, and regional plans produce.

Shared goals or visions are more likely to be developed where strong community bonds exist--on a small scale, as in a family farm, ranch, or partnership. Where community trust, shared visions, or the ability to maintain these are not well-developed, or where people do not have experience of trust and shared vision, community-building skills such as the consensus approach are essential.

相关问答

Q1: 怎样可以查到市营方面的英语专业名词？？

A. C. Nielson 尼尔森市场研究公司

absorption of costs 成本分配

accesibility 可进入性

accessory equipment markets 附属设备市场

account management policies 客户管理策略

Acer 宏基

acquisition new-product development strategy 新产品开发收购战略

activity-based costing 以活动为基础的成本系统

adaptability 适应性

adaptation to market variations 适应市场变化

adaptive positioning 适应性定位

additions to existing product lines 现有产品线的增加

adequate size 准确的大小/足够的规模

administered vertical marketing systems 管理式垂直营销系统

administrative relationships 管理关系

adopter categories 采购者的类型

adoption process 采购过程

advertising and market segmentation 广告与市场细分

advertising and sales promotion 广告和销售促进

advertising effects 广告效果

advertising ethics 广告伦理道德

advertising feedback 广告反馈

advertising frequency 广告频率

advertising media 广告媒体

advertising message 广告信息

advertising reach 广告接受人数

advertising source 广告信息来源

advertising 广告

aerobic enthusiasts 增氧健身运动爱好者

aesthetics 美感

affinity club 同族俱乐部

after tests 事后测试

agent middleman 代理商

agent/merchant middleman 代理中间商

allowance 折让

alteration 退换

AMA Code of Ethics 美国营销协会职业道德标准

Amazon.com 亚马逊公司

American Airlines 美国航空公司

American Express 美国运通

American Marketing Association 美国营销协会

Amoco 阿莫科（英国石油公司）

analysis of data 数据分析

analyzer strategy 分析者战略

Anderson 安达信

annual marketing plan 年度营销计划

annual requirement purchasing arrangement 年度采购需求计划

anticipatory positioning 预见性定位

anti-pollution legislation 反污染立法

anti-trust legislation 反托拉斯立法

Apple Computers 苹果电脑

area structure 地区结构

aspiration/expectation level 渴望/期望水平

aspirations of consumers 消费者渴望

assurance 保证

ATT 美国电话电报公司

ATM (automatic teller machine) 银行自动柜员机

attitudes of consumers 消费者态度

attributes 属性

audiences 受众

auto repair 汽车维修

automation services 自动服务

automobile industry 汽车产业

autonomy 自主权

availability 可获得性/供货能力

avante guardian 前卫派

Avon 雅芳

awareness （产品）知晓度/知名度

B

baby boomers 婴儿潮出生的一代人

backward channels for recycling 回收的后向渠道

backward integration 后向垂直一体化

banner advertisements 横幅标语广告

bar codes 条形码

barter 实物交易

basic physical needs 基本生理需要

Bausch Lomb 博士伦

BCG Grow-Share Matrix 波士顿增长-份额矩阵

before tests 事前测试

Behavior Scan Information Resources Inc. 行为扫描信息源公司

behavioural analysis 行为分析

behavioural hierarchies 行为层级

benchmarking 基准

benefit clusters 利益群体

benefits 利益

Benz 奔驰

billing 帐单

biological revolution 生物革命

birth rate 出生率

blanket purchase order 一揽子采购合同

blind-paired comparison testing 双盲比较测试

Blockbuster

blue collars 蓝领

BMW 宝马

Boeing 波音

bottom line 底线/盈亏一览结算线

brand awareness 品牌意识/认知

brand extensions 品牌扩展

brand loyalty 品牌忠诚度

brand mark 品牌标志

brand name 品牌名称

brand positioning 品牌定位

brand recognition 品牌识别

brand strategies 品牌战略

brand 品牌

branding strategy 品牌化战略

branding 品牌化

brand's equity 品牌的价值

break-even analysis 盈亏平衡分析

break-even volume 盈亏平衡产量

breath of product assortment 产品线的宽度

breath or diversity of product lines 产品线的宽度或多样性

bribery 贿赂

British Airways 英国航空公司

brokers 经纪人

budgeting 预算

bundle 捆绑

Bureau of Census 人口统计局

Burger King 汉堡王

busines strength rating 商业能力评分

business plan 商业计划

business position 经营地位

business sector 商业部门

business services markets 商业服务市场

business strategies 经营战略

business unit strategy 经营单位战略

Business Week 《商业周刊》

buyback allowances 回购折让

buyback arrangements 产品返销

buyers' bargaining power 买方的讨价还价能力

buyers 采购者

buying behavior 购买行为

buying center 采购中心

buying inertia 购买惯性

buying intention 购买意图

buying offices 连锁商店的进货中心

buying power indes (BPI) 购买力指数

buying situation 采购情况/类型

buying task 采购任务

C

cable TV 有线电视

Cadillac 凯迪拉克

Campbell's Soup 金宝汤业公司

capital gains 资本收益

capital invested in product 产品投入资本

Carnival 嘉年华

cash cows 现金牛类

cash discounts 现金折扣

catalogue sales 目录销售

categorization of perception 感知分类

categorization 分门别类

Caterpillar Tractor 卡特皮勒公司

Cathay Airlines 国泰航空公司

CBS Records 唱片公司

CBS 哥伦比亚广播公司

centralization 集中化

chameleons/followers 变色龙/跟随者

channel alternatives 可选择的营销渠道

channel conflicts 渠道冲突

channel decisions 渠道决策

channel functions 渠道功能

channel institutions 渠道组织结构

channel management 渠道管理

channel objectives 渠道目标

channel of distribution 分销渠道

channel power 渠道权力

channel-control strategies 渠道控制战略

channel-design decisions 渠道设计决策

channel-management decisions 渠道管理决策

channels of communication 传播渠道

Charles Snow 查尔斯·斯诺

Cherokee 切诺基

chevrolet 雪佛莱

choice criteria 选择标准

Christian Dior 克里斯汀·迪奥（世界著名时装品牌）

Chrysler 克莱斯勒

Citi Corp 花旗银行

closing a sale 结束销售

clothing retailers 服装零售商

CNN 美国有线新闻网

co-branding 联合品牌

code of ethics （职业）道德标准

coercive power 强制权

cognitive dissonance 认识的不协调

Colgate-Palmolive 高露洁

collection of data 数据收集

collection 收款

co-marketing alliances 联合营销联盟

combination compensation plan 结合式薪酬方案

Comdex 计算机展销会

commercialization 商业化

commitment 承诺

communication channels 传播渠道

communication process 传播过程

communication 信息交流/沟通

communications media 传播媒体

company personnel 公司员工

Compaq 康柏

comparative advertisements 比较广告

comparison of brands 品牌比较

compensation deals 补偿处理

compensation plan 酬金方案

compensation/rewards 酬金/奖励

compensatory 补偿性的

competition and industry evolution 竞争和行业演变

competition-orientated pricing 竞争导向定价法

competitive advantage 竞争优势

competitive (supply-side) evolution 竞争（供方）演变

competitive factors 竞争因素

competitive intelligence 竞争情报/信息

competitive parity promotion budgeting 竞争均势促销预算法

competitive strategy 竞争战略

competitive strength 竞争优势/能力

competitor analysis 竞争者分析

complaint handling 投诉处理

component materials and parts markets 组成材料和零部件市场

computerized ordering 计算机化的订购

conclusive research 确定性研究

conditions of demand 需求情况

conflict and resolution strategies 冲突和解决战略

conformance to specifications 与规格一致

conformance 一致性

confrontation strategy 对抗战略

conjoint measurement 联合测度法

conjunctive model 联合模型

consumer decision-making 消费者（购买）决策

consumer goods channels 消费品分销渠道

Consumer Goods Pricing Act, USA 美国消费品定价法案

consumer goods 消费品

consumer markets 消费品市场

consumer needs 消费者需求

consumer packaged-goods firms 消费者包装食品公司

consumer promotion 消费者促销

consumer tests 消费者测试

consumer/household market 消费者/家庭市场

consumers' perceptions 消费者感知

consumption 消费

contests 竞赛

contingency planning 权变计划

contract construction 契约建筑业

contract manufacturing 契约制造业

contraction/strategic withdrawal strategy 收缩/战略性撤退战略

contractual entry modes 契约式进入模式

contractual vertical marketing systems 合约式垂直营销系统

contribution margin analysis 边际贡献（贡献毛利）分析

contributrion margin 边际贡献

control strategies 控制战略

convenience food stores 便利食品商店

convenience goods 便利品

convenience 服务的便利性

Cool Whip 清凉维普

co-operative advertising 合作性广告

co-ordination and conflict resolution 协调与冲突解决

co-production 合作生产

core benefit proposition (CBP) 核心利益方案/提议

corollary-data method 推定数据法

corporate HQ 公司总部

corporate scope 公司（经营）范围

corporate strategy 公司战略

corporate vertical marketing systems 公司式垂直营销系统

corporate/institutional advertising 团体/社会公共机构广告

corrective action 矫正行动

cost analysis 成本分析

cost effectiveness 成本有效性

cost leadership strategy 成本领先战略

cost of capital 资本成本

cost of goods sold (COGS) 产品销售成本

cost reductions 降低成本产品

cost-and-volume relationship 成本-数量关系

cost-oriented pricing 成本导向定价法

cost-plus/mark-up pricing 成本加成/溢价定价法

costs and benefits of marketing functions 营销职能的成本和效益

costs of competitors 竞争者成本

costs of distribution 分销成本

countertrade 对等贸易

coupons 优惠券

courtesy 礼貌

coverage of geographic market 地域性市场的范围

coverage of relevant retailers 相关零售商的销售范围

credibility 信誉

credit terms 信贷条款

critical assumptions 关键假设

cross-elasticity 交叉弹性

customary pricing 习惯性定价法

customer analysis 顾客分析

customer contact 顾客接触

customer demand 顾客需求

customer intimacy 顾客亲密度

customer loyalty 顾客忠诚度

customer need 顾客需要

customer organization of sales force 按客户组织销售队伍

customer retention 顾客维系/保留

customer satisfaction 顾客满意度

customer segment pricing 顾客细分市场定价

customer service 顾客服务

customer-oriented pricing 顾客导向定价法

customers' perception 顾客感知

customers' preferences 顾客偏好

customers' price sensitivity 顾客的价格敏感度

customizing 定制

D

data collection 数据收集

data confidentiality 数据保密

data research 数据研究

data sources 数据来源

dealers 经销商

deceptive advertisements 欺骗性广告

deciders 决策者

declining markets 衰退市场

decoding 解码

defect rate 缺陷率

defender strategy 防御型战略

defensive new-product development strategy 防御性新产品开发战略

defensive positioning 防御性定位

delivery time 交付时间

delivery 配送

Dell Computers 戴尔计算机公司

Delta Airlines 三角洲航空公司

demand characteristics 需求特征

demand curve 需求曲线

demand-oriented pricing 需求导向定价法

demographic environment 人口统计环境

department stores 百货商店

dependability 可靠性

deregulation 放松管制

derived demand 衍生需求

descriptive research 描述性研究

design decisions 设计决策

desired percentage mark-up on retail 预期零售利润率

desired percentage return 预期回报率

determinant attributes 关键属性

determinants 决定因素

different responses 差别反应

differentiated defender strategy 差异化防御战略

differentiated marketing 差异化营销

differentiation over time 不同时间的差异

differentiation strategy 差异化战略

differentiation 差异化

diffusion of innovation theory 创新扩散理论

dimension 因素

dimensions of quality 质量维度

direct costing profitability analysis 直接成本盈利性分析

direct mail 直接邮寄

direct marketing via advertising media 通过广告媒体的直接营销

direct marketing 直接营销

direct product profitability (DPP) 直接产品盈利性/利润率

direct selling 直销

discount rate 贴现率

discount stores 折扣商店

discount 折扣

discount/premium price policies 折扣/溢价策略

discriminant analysis 差异分析法

discriminatory adjustments 歧视价格调整

discriminatory pricing adjustments 歧视定价调整

disjunctive model 分离模型

display space 陈列空间

disposable income 可支配收入

dissonance-attribution hierarchy 不和谐-归属层次结构

distribution channel designs 分销渠道设计

distribution channel objectives 分销渠道的目标

distribution channel 分销渠道

distribution decisions 分销决策

distribution policies 分销策略

distribution 分销

distributor/store (private lables) brands 分销商/私有品牌

distributors 分销商

diversification 多元化

divest 撤退

divest 出让

divestment or liquidation 收回投资或清算

dividend 红利

dogs 瘦狗类

domestic target marketing strategies 国内目标市场定位的营销战略

dropping products 放弃产品

dry cleaning 干洗

dual/two channel distribution systems 双重分销系统

duplication （媒体）重复

DuPont 杜邦公司

durability 耐用性

E

early vs late adoption 早期采购与后期采购

earnings per share 每股收益

economic and technological factors 经济技术因素

economic power 经济权

economies of scale 规模经济

education services 教育服务

effectiveness 有效性

efficiency 效率

Electrolux 伊莱克斯

emergency goods 急需品

Emerson Electric 爱默生电气

emotional appeals 情感诉求

empathy 移情作用

empirical evidence 经验性实例

empowerment 授权

encoding 编码

end use 最终使用

endorsement 赞同

engineering （产品）工程设计

entrepreneurial strategy 企业家战略

entry strategies 进入战略

environment and packaging disposal 环境与包装处理

environment factors 环境因素

environmental scanning 环境扫描/分析

environmental strategy 环境战略

establishment 机构

ethical audit （公司）伦理审计

ethics of marketing 营销伦理道德

ethnic composition 种族构成

European Community 欧共体

evaluation and reward systems 评估与奖励体系

evaluation and selection of supplier 评估和选择供应商

evaluation of alternatives 评估替代品/各种选择

evaluation of brands 品牌评估

event sponsorship 事件赞助

event 活动

everyday low-price (EDLP) 天天低价

evoked set 引发的组合

evolution of market 市场演变

exchange 交换

exclusive dealing 独家销售

exclusive distribution 独家分销

executive summary 执行摘要

exhibition media 展示广告媒体

existing market 现有市场

exit barriers 退出壁垒

expansion path 扩张途径

expectation measures （顾客）预期测度

expectations of customers 顾客期望

expected unit sales 预计产量

expected value 期望价值

experience curve 经验曲线

experimental research 实验性研究

expert power 专长权

exploratory research 探索性研究

export agents 出口代理（商）

export jobbers 出口批发商

export management company 出口管理公司

export merchants 出口贸易商

export 出口

exporting 出口商品

extended use strategy 扩大使用战略

extending volume growth 扩大市场份额

external data sources 外部数据来源

external environment 外部环境

extrapolation of past sales trends 过去销售趋势推测法

F

facilitating agencies 辅助/中介机构

factor analysis 因素分析法

fads 时尚

family branding 家族品牌

family life cycle 家庭生命周期

family structure 家庭结构

farm products 农产品

fast-moving consumer goods (FMCG) 快速变动的消费品

fear appeals 恐惧/顾虑诉求

features 特征

Federal Department Stores 联邦百货商店

Federal Trade Code （FTC) 联邦贸易法案

FedEx (Federal Express) 联邦快递

feedback data 反馈数据

field test marketing 实地市场测试

financing 融资

fisheries 渔业

fit and finish 结实度与外观

fixed costs 固定成本

fixed salary 固定工资

flanker strategy 侧翼进攻战略

flanker/fighting brand 战斗品牌

flanking and encirclement strategies 侧翼进攻与围堵战略

flat organizational structure 扁平的组织结构

FOB origin pricing FOB产地定价法

focus strategy 集中战略

followers 追随者

Ford 福特公司

foreign middlemen 国外中间商

forestry 林业

formalization 形式/规范化

formulate 制定

fortress/position-defence strategy 防御堡垒战略

Fortune 《财富》杂志

forward integration 向前一体化

franchise systems 特许系统

franchising 特许经营

free call numbers 免费电话号码

free goods 免费商品

freight-absorption pricing 免收运费定价法

fringe benefits 小额津贴

frontal attack strategy 正面进攻战略

full costing profitability analysis 全成本盈利性分析

full-service wholesalers 全方位服务的批发商

functional competencies and resource allocation 职能能力与资源分配

functional efficiency 职能效率

functional organization of sales force 按销售职能组织销售队伍

functional organizational structure 职能型组织结构

functional performance 功能性能

functional strategy 职能战略

G

games 比赛

gap 差距

gatekeepers 信息传递者

general behavioral descriptors 一般行为变量

General Electric (GE) 通用电气

General Foods Corporation 通用食品

general merchandise discount chains 大众商品折扣连锁店

General Motors 通用汽车

geodemographics 区域人口统计特征

geographic adjustments 地理调整

geographic distribution 地理分布

geographical organization of sales force 按地区组织销售队伍

Gillette 吉列剔须刀

global adjustments 全球调整

global elite consumer segment 全球精英消费品市场

global expansion 全球扩张

global marketing control 全球营销控制

global markets 全球市场

global niche strategy 全球机会战略

global standardization strategy 全球标准化战略

global teenage segment 全球青少年市场

globalization 全球化

global-market expansion 全球市场扩张

goals 总目标

going-rate/competitive parity pricing 竞争性平价定价法

goods producers 产品制造商

Goodyear 固特异轮胎

government agencies 政府机构

government buyers 政府采购者

government market 政府市场

government regulation 政府管制

greenhouse effect 温室效应

grey market 灰色市场

gross domestic product (GDP) 国内生产总值

gross margin 毛利

gross national product (GNP) 国民生产总值

gross profit 毛利

gross rating points (GRPs) 总级别指数

group/category product manager 类别产品经理

growing markets 成长市场

growth rate of market 市场增长率

growth stage of product life cycle 产品生命周期的成长阶段

growth-extension strategies 增长扩张战略

growth-market strategies for market leaders 市场领导者的市场增长战略

growth-market strategy 成长性市场战略

growth-market targeting strategy 成长性市场定位战略

guarantee/warranty 保证/担保

guarantees 保证

Gucci 古琦（世界著名时装品牌）

H

Haagen-Dazs 哈根达斯

hard technology 硬技术

Harvard Business Review 《哈佛商业评论》

harvest 收获

harvesting pricing 收获定价法

harvesting strategy 收获战略

health care 医疗保健

health maintenance organizations (HMOs) （美国）卫生保健组织

heavy buyer 大客户

Heileman Brewing Company

Heinz 亨氏食品

helpfulness 有益性

Henkel 汉高

Hertz 赫兹（美国汽车租赁巨头）

Hewlett-Packard 惠普公司

hierarchy of strategy 战略的层次

high margin/low-turnover retailers 高利润/低周转率的零售商

high market share global strategy 高市场份额全球战略

high-contact service system 高接触服务系统

high-involvement product 高参与产品

high-involvement purchase 高参与购买

hight market share 高市场份额战略

Hilton 希尔顿

Holiday Inns 假日旅馆

homogeneous market 同质市场

Honda 本田

household/family life cycle 家庭生命周期

household 家庭

hybrid technology 混合技术

I

IBM 国际商用机器

idea generation 创意的产生/生成

ideas for new products 新产品创意/构想

idea-screening process 创意筛选过程

identification of segments 识别细分市场

Illinois Tool Works 伊利诺斯工具厂

image pricing 形象定价

imitative positioning 模仿定位

imitative strategy 模仿战略

impact evaluation 影响评估

impersonal sources 非个人的信息来源

implementation and control of marketing programs

营销计划的执行和控制

implementation 实施

improvements in or revisions of existing products

现有产品的改良或修正

impulse buying 冲动购买

impulse goods 冲动购买品

incentives 激励

income 收入

increased penetration strategy 增加渗透战略

indirect costing profitability analysis 间接成本盈利性分析

individual brand 个别品牌

individual value 个人价值

industrial goods services 工业产品和服务

industrial goods channels 工业品分销渠道

industry attractiveness 行业吸引力

industry attractiveness-business position matrix

行业吸引力-业务地位矩阵

industry dynamics 产业动态

industry evaluation 产业评估

industry evolution 产业演变

inelastic 缺乏价格弹性

influencers 影响者

infocommunications industry 信息通信行业

infomercials 商业信息广告

information age 信息时代

information search 信息搜集

information technology 信息技术

information 信息

informative 告知性的

ingredient 成份

in-home personal interview 个人家庭访谈

in-house use tests 内部使用测试

innovation 创新

innovativen

Q2: 比勒陀利亚理工大学

学校介绍：

比勒陀利亚理工大学是南非的本地理工大学，有25000多在校大学生，它是南非第一所包括企业家协会的学术机构。比勒陀利亚理工大学的前身是1906年成立的比勒陀利亚技术学院，期间该校已经在高等教育方面取得了不少经验，后来更名为比勒陀利亚高级技术学院，直到1979年正式成为比勒陀利亚理工大学。1995年比勒陀利亚理工大学在7个学科方面开始授予本科、研究生、博士学位，主要是健康学、农业、园艺、自然保护、信息学、艺术、经济学及自然学。

比勒陀利亚理工大学位于南非共和国行政首都的比勒陀利亚市中心西部，占地约96 ha of land 6 kilometres.学校以环境优美、设施发达的校园、友好融洽的氛围和多样的本地植物而闻名。

学费及学时：

学士学位（4年）——约1500-2500美元/年

硕士学位（2年）——约1000美元/年

博士学位（2年）——约1500美元/年

保险费（1年）——约200美元

报名条件：

学士学位——高中以上学历，成绩良好，年满18岁。

硕士学位——本科毕业，有学士学位，拥有相同或相关专业背景。

博士自然保护学位——硕士毕业，有硕士学位，拥有相同或相关专业背景。

开课时间：

每年2个开学期，1月和7月。

英文培训课程：

比勒陀利亚理工大学提供半年或一年英文培训课程。

学费：半年——约2000美元

专业介绍：

农业系学士硕士博士

农业管理Agriculture Management

动物产品Animal Production

农产品生产Crop Production

畜牧业生产Mixed Farming

园艺学Horticulture

风景技术Landscape Technology

自然保护Nature Conservation

农场管理Game Ranch Management

艺术系

舞蹈音乐剧Dance

戏剧Drama

时装Fashion

珠宝设计与制Jewellery Design and Manufacture

表演艺术学Performing Art Technology

纺织品设计与技术Textile Technology

室内设计Interior Design

摄影术Photography

制图学Cartography

美术Fine Art

音乐剧Musical Theatre

经济系

金融会计Finance and Accounting

经济管理分析Economic Management Analysis

成本与管理会计Cost and Management Accouting

金融信息系统Financial Information Systems

人力资源管理Human Resource Management

内部审计Internal Auditing

信贷管理Credit Management

管理Management

管理服务Services

市场学Marketing

建设管理Construction Management

公共管理Public Management

生产管理Production Management

采购管理Purchasing Management

房地产Real Estate

交通安全管理Traffic Safety Management

安全管理Security Management

办公室管理与技术Office Management and Technology

信用管理Credit Management

劳动力管理Laboratory Management

逻辑学Logist

工程系

工程技术Architectural Technology

建筑Buding

计算机工程Computer Engineering

计算机系统Computer Systems

内装修Civil

农业Agriculture

材料学Materials

电子机械工程Electrical and Mechanical

冶金工程Engineering Metallurgy

电子诊疗Electrical Clinical

电子工程Electrical Engineering

高频技术High Frequency Technology

能量工程Power Engineering

仪器加工Process Instrumentation

电信技术Telecommunication Technology

工业工程Industrial Engineering

机械Mechanical

气象学Meteorology

测量学Surveying

爆破技术Explosives technology

数学技术Mathematical Technology

动画制作Motion Picture Production

制陶术Ceramics Technology

制图学Cartography

质量Quality

数量检测Quantity Surveying

卫生健康

牙医技术Dental Technology

环境保健Environmental Health

护理学Nursing

社区护理Community Nursing

紧急护理Critical Care

肿瘤护理Oncology

生物医学Biomedical Technology

生物技术Biotechnology

食品学Food Technology

食品管理Food Service Management

射线技术Radiography （diagnostics）

体育与锻炼技术Sport and Exercise Technology

临床技术Clinical Technology

信息技术

电影制作Film and Video Technology

新闻学Journalism

信息技术Information Technology

国际交流International Communication

商务教育Commerce

自然科学教育Natural Sciences

邮政学校管理Management Post School

计算机系统Computer Systems

语言实践Language Dynamics

图书馆与信息研究Library and Information Studies

公共关系管理Public Relations Management

旅游管理Tourism Management

冒险旅游管理Adventure Tourism Management

自然科学

分析化学Analytical Chemistry

生物医学技术Biomedical Technology

生物技术Biotechnology

化学Chemical

金属加工技术Metallurgy

环境管理Environmental Management

食品管理和营养学Food Management and Beverage

食品技术Food Technology

地质Geology

医院管理Hospitality Management

图书管理Laboratory Management

美容术Somatology （Beauty Technology）

消防技术Fire Technology

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