Python - 3.6 学习四

try:
print('try...')
r = 10 / int('2')
print('result:', r)
except ValueError as e:
print('ValueError:', e)
except ZeroDivisionError as e:
print('ZeroDivisionError:', e)
else:
print('no error!')
finally:
print('finally...')
print(‘END’）

# err_logging.pyimport loggingdef foo(s):
return 10 / int(s)def bar(s):
return foo(s) * 2def main():
try:
bar('0')
except Exception as e:
logging.exception(e)main()
print('END')

# err_raise.py
class FooError(ValueError):
passdef foo(s):
n = int(s)
if n==0:
raise FooError('invalid value: %s' % s)
return 10 / nfoo('0')

def foo(s):
n = int(s)
assert n != 0, 'n is zero!'
return 10 / ndef main():
foo('0')

import logging
logging.basicConfig(level=logging.INFO)s = '0'
n = int(s)
logging.info('n = %d' % n)
print(10 / n)

# err.py
s = '0'
n = int(s)
print(10 / n)$ python3 -m pdb err.py
> /Users/michael/Github/learn-python3/samples/debug/err.py(2)<module>()
-> s = ‘0'

try:
f = open('/path/to/file', 'r')
print(f.read())
finally:
if f:
f.close()with open('/path/to/file', 'r') as f:
print(f.read())

>>> f = open('/Users/michael/test.txt', 'w')
>>> f.write('Hello, world!')
>>> f.close()with open('/Users/michael/test.txt', 'w') as f:
f.write('Hello, world!’)

>>> from io import StringIO
>>> f = StringIO()
>>> f.write('hello')
5
>>> f.write(' ')
1
>>> f.write('world!')
6
>>> print(f.getvalue())
hello world!>>> from io import StringIO
>>> f = StringIO('Hello!\nHi!\nGoodbye!')
>>> while True:
... s = f.readline()
... if s == '':
... break
... print(s.strip())
...
Hello!
Hi!
Goodbye!

>>> import os
>>> os.name # 操作系统类型
'posix'
>>> os.uname()
posix.uname_result(sysname='Darwin', nodename='RousseaudeMacBook-Pro.local', release='15.6.0', version='Darwin Kernel Version 15.6.0: Mon Jan 9 23:07:29 PST 2017; root:xnu-3248.60.11.2.1~1/RELEASE_X86_64', machine='x86_64')
>>> os.environ
environ({'TERM_PROGRAM': 'Apple_Terminal', 'SHELL': '/bin/bash', 'TERM': 'xterm-256color', 'TMPDIR': '/var/folders/95/zrdts1md6j942mpyd7kd875h0000gn/T/', 'Apple_PubSub_Socket_Render': '/private/tmp/com.apple.launchd.fhDfjTsyk6/Render', 'TERM_PROGRAM_VERSION': '361.1', 'OLDPWD': '/Users/rousseau/Projects/python.my', 'TERM_SESSION_ID': '5A1B275C-3BE5-4673-B163-29DFF5C19C77', 'USER': 'rousseau', 'SSH_AUTH_SOCK': '/private/tmp/com.apple.launchd.mLtAPJeOFm/Listeners', '__CF_USER_TEXT_ENCODING': '0x1F5:0x0:0x0', 'PATH': '/usr/local/bin:/usr/bin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/sbin', 'PWD': '/Users/rousseau/Projects/python.my/mypython', 'XPC_FLAGS': '0x0', 'XPC_SERVICE_NAME': '0', 'SHLVL': '1', 'HOME': '/Users/rousseau', 'LOGNAME': 'rousseau', 'LC_CTYPE': 'UTF-8', '_': '/usr/local/bin/python3', '__PYVENV_LAUNCHER__': '/usr/local/bin/python3’})
>>> os.path.abspath('.') # 查看当前目录的绝对路径:
'/Users/rousseau/Projects/python.my/mypython’
# 在某个目录下创建一个新目录，首先把新目录的完整路径表示出来:
>>> os.path.join('/Users/michael', 'testdir')
'/Users/michael/testdir'
# 然后创建一个目录:
>>> os.mkdir('/Users/michael/testdir')
# 删掉一个目录:
>>> os.rmdir('/Users/michael/testdir’)

>>> import pickle
>>> d = dict(name='Bob', age=20, score=88)
>>> pickle.dumps(d)
b'\x80\x03}q\x00(X\x03\x00\x00\x00ageq\x01K\x14X\x05\x00\x00\x00scoreq\x02KXX\x04\x00\x00\x00nameq\x03X\x03\x00\x00\x00Bobq\x04u.’#也可以将序列化的内容写入文本
>>> f = open('dump.txt', 'wb')
>>> pickle.dump(d, f)
>>> f.close()#读取的过程
>>> f = open('dump.txt', 'rb')
>>> d = pickle.load(f)
>>> f.close()
>>> d
{'age': 20, 'score': 88, 'name': ‘Bob’}

>>> json_str = '{"age": 20, "score": 88, "name": "Bob"}'
>>> json.loads(json_str)
{'age': 20, 'score': 88, 'name': ‘Bob’}

import osprint('Process (%s) start...' % os.getpid())
# Only works on Unix/Linux/Mac:
pid = os.fork()
if pid == 0:
print('I am child process (%s) and my parent is %s.' % (os.getpid(), os.getppid()))
else:
print('I (%s) just created a child process (%s).' % (os.getpid(), pid))

from multiprocessing import Process
import os# 子进程要执行的代码
def run_proc(name):
print('Run child process %s (%s)...' % (name, os.getpid()))if __name__=='__main__':
print('Parent process %s.' % os.getpid())
p = Process(target=run_proc, args=('test',))
print('Child process will start.')
p.start()
p.join()
print('Child process end.’)

from multiprocessing import Pool
import os, time, randomdef long_time_task(name):
print('Run task %s (%s)...' % (name, os.getpid()))
start = time.time()
time.sleep(random.random() * 3)
end = time.time()
print('Task %s runs %0.2f seconds.' % (name, (end - start)))if __name__=='__main__':
print('Parent process %s.' % os.getpid())
p = Pool(4)
for i in range(5):
p.apply_async(long_time_task, args=(i,))
print('Waiting for all subprocesses done...')
p.close()
p.join()
print('All subprocesses done.')

from multiprocessing import Process, Queue
import os, time, random# 写数据进程执行的代码:
def write(q):
print('Process to write: %s' % os.getpid())
for value in ['A', 'B', 'C']:
print('Put %s to queue...' % value)
q.put(value)
time.sleep(random.random())# 读数据进程执行的代码:
def read(q):
print('Process to read: %s' % os.getpid())
while True:
value = q.get(True)
print('Get %s from queue.' % value)if __name__=='__main__':
# 父进程创建Queue，并传给各个子进程：
q = Queue()
pw = Process(target=write, args=(q,))
pr = Process(target=read, args=(q,))
# 启动子进程pw，写入:
pw.start()
# 启动子进程pr，读取:
pr.start()
# 等待pw结束:
pw.join()
# pr进程里是死循环，无法等待其结束，只能强行终止:
pr.terminate()

import time, threading# 假定这是你的银行存款:
balance = 0
lock = threading.Lock()def run_thread(n):
for i in range(100000):
# 先要获取锁:
lock.acquire()
try:
# 放心地改吧:
change_it(n)
finally:
# 改完了一定要释放锁:
lock.release()def run_thread(n):
for i in range(100000):
change_it(n)t1 = threading.Thread(target=run_thread, args=(5,))
t2 = threading.Thread(target=run_thread, args=(8,))
t1.start()
t2.start()
t1.join()
t2.join()
print(balance)

import threading# 创建全局ThreadLocal对象:
local_school = threading.local()def process_student():
# 获取当前线程关联的student:
std = local_school.student
print('Hello, %s (in %s)' % (std, threading.current_thread().name))def process_thread(name):
# 绑定ThreadLocal的student:
local_school.student = name
process_student()t1 = threading.Thread(target= process_thread, args=('Alice',), name='Thread-A')
t2 = threading.Thread(target= process_thread, args=('Bob',), name='Thread-B')
t1.start()
t2.start()
t1.join()
t2.join()

# task_master.pyimport random, time, queue
from multiprocessing.managers import BaseManager# 发送任务的队列:
task_queue = queue.Queue()
# 接收结果的队列:
result_queue = queue.Queue()# 从BaseManager继承的QueueManager:
class QueueManager(BaseManager):
pass# 把两个Queue都注册到网络上, callable参数关联了Queue对象:
QueueManager.register('get_task_queue', callable=lambda: task_queue)
QueueManager.register('get_result_queue', callable=lambda: result_queue)
# 绑定端口5000, 设置验证码'abc':
manager = QueueManager(address=('', 5000), authkey=b'abc')
# 启动Queue:
manager.start()
# 获得通过网络访问的Queue对象:
task = manager.get_task_queue()
result = manager.get_result_queue()
# 放几个任务进去:
for i in range(10):
n = random.randint(0, 10000)
print('Put task %d...' % n)
task.put(n)
# 从result队列读取结果:
print('Try get results...')
for i in range(10):
r = result.get(timeout=10)
print('Result: %s' % r)
# 关闭:
manager.shutdown()
print('master exit.’)

# task_worker.pyimport time, sys, queue
from multiprocessing.managers import BaseManager# 创建类似的QueueManager:
class QueueManager(BaseManager):
pass# 由于这个QueueManager只从网络上获取Queue，所以注册时只提供名字:
QueueManager.register('get_task_queue')
QueueManager.register('get_result_queue')# 连接到服务器，也就是运行task_master.py的机器:
server_addr = '127.0.0.1'
print('Connect to server %s...' % server_addr)
# 端口和验证码注意保持与task_master.py设置的完全一致:
m = QueueManager(address=(server_addr, 5000), authkey=b'abc')
# 从网络连接:
m.connect()
# 获取Queue的对象:
task = m.get_task_queue()
result = m.get_result_queue()
# 从task队列取任务,并把结果写入result队列:
for i in range(10):
try:
n = task.get(timeout=1)
print('run task %d * %d...' % (n, n))
r = '%d * %d = %d' % (n, n, n*n)
time.sleep(1)
result.put(r)
except Queue.Empty:
print('task queue is empty.')
# 处理结束:
print('worker exit.’)