Python内置数据结构--列表

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本节内容：

列表
元组
字符串
集合
字典

本节先介绍列表。

一、列表

一种容器类型。列表可以包含任何种类的对象，比如说数字、子串、嵌套其他列表、嵌套元组。

任意对象的有序集合，通过索引访问其中的元素。其长度可变，支持异构(在一个列表中可以包含多种不同类型的元素)，可以任意嵌套。

列表是可变对象，支持在原处修改。 列表的可变变现在其内部的每一个元素存储在列表中不是对象本身，而是对象的引用。因此其修改的是对象的引用。

help()是ipython里特有的函数，可以打印出类、函数的一些信息。

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In [1]: help(list)

Help on class list in module builtins:

class list(object)

 |  list() -> new empty list

 |  list(iterable) -> new list initialized from iterable's items

 |

 |  Methods defined here:

 |

 |  __add__(self, value, /)

 |      Return self+value.

 |

 |  __contains__(self, key, /)

 |      Return key in self.

 |

 |  __delitem__(self, key, /)

 |      Delete self[key].

 |

 |  __eq__(self, value, /)

 |      Return self==value.

 |

 |  __ge__(self, value, /)

 |      Return self>=value.

 |

 |  __getattribute__(self, name, /)

 |      Return getattr(self, name).

 |

 |  __getitem__(...)

 |      x.__getitem__(y) <==> x[y]

 |

 |  __gt__(self, value, /)

 |      Return self>value.

 |

 |  __iadd__(self, value, /)

 |      Implement self+=value.

 |

...

1. 初始化列表

list()，里面可以什么都不放，也可以放可迭代对象。

直接一个[]

In [2]: lst = list()

In [3]: lst = []

In [4]: lst

Out[4]: []

In [5]: lst = [1, 2, 3]

In [6]: lst

Out[6]: [1, 2, 3]

2. 下标/索引操作

python中list的索引从0开始。绝大多数语言的下标是从0开始的，也有少部分例外，比如awk、lua。

负数的索引表示从后往前数，由-1开始，-1表示最后一个元素。

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In [6]: lst

Out[6]: [1, 2, 3]

In [7]: lst[0]

Out[7]: 1

In [8]: lst[-1]

Out[8]: 3

如果索引超出范围，将引发IndexError。

In [9]: lst[-4]

---------------------------------------------------------------------------

IndexError                                Traceback (most recent call last)

<ipython-input-9-7ea420056b9a> in <module>()

----> 1 lst[-4]

IndexError: list index out of range

In [10]: lst[3]

---------------------------------------------------------------------------

IndexError                                Traceback (most recent call last)

<ipython-input-10-298ffefac8cf> in <module>()

----> 1 lst[3]

IndexError: list index out of range

修改元素的时候，如果超出索引范围，也会引发IndexError。

3. 列表的操作

增：append、extend、insert
删：clear、pop、remove
改：reverse、sort
查：count、index
其他：copy

（1）给list增加元素

append：

append方法原地修改list，给list最后增加一个元素。append方法的返回值是None。

insert：

insert方法操作的索引超出范围时，如果是正索引，等效于append，如果是负索引，等效于insert(0, object)

insert的时间复杂度是O(n)，append的时间复杂度是O(1)。因为insert是要做一个遍历的。

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extend：

extend的时间复杂度是O(n)，这个n是可迭代对象的长度，并不是原有list的长度n。

（2）删除元素

pop：

可以传入index，默认从最后移除一个元素，并且把这个元素返回回来。

index默认是-1，即最后一个元素，如果index超出索引范围，会抛出IndexError。

remove：

pop是弹出索引对应的值，remove是删除最左边的一个值。

pop针对的是索引，remove针对的是值。

remove的时候，如果值不存在，会抛出ValueError。

pop和remove的时间复杂度都是O(n)

clear：

clear方法删除列表的所有元素。

（4）查找/统计元素

可以利用index查询

index：

start包含，stop不包含。即[start, stop)

index方法根据值查找索引。

count：

count返回指定的value在List中出现的次数。

len函数

不是List的方法，它是python的一个内置函数，用于检查List元素个数。并不仅仅是针对List，可以针对很多对象。

（5）修改列表

原处是指直接修改List

reverse：

原处是指直接修改List

（6）其他方法

copy：

如何删除后面的2？

如果不想在原List上做修改：

lst2 = lst，只是一个指针指到lst指到的那块内存，因此操作lst2的时候，lst也被修改了。因为它们两个都是指针，指到同一块内存。这就用到List的copy函数了。

搞错了，不是深copy，只是一层copy。

id()打印出引用指向的内存块的地址。

成员关系判断

not in

【举例】:如何去除List中的重复元素

列表相加： 合并两个列表，生成了一个新列表。不会修改原列表。这个和子串的相加是一样的，生成新的子串。

序列相乘：就是重复元素多次。都是生成新对象。

子串乘法：

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列表乘法：

4. 切片

切片通常是用来访问数据的，如果你对切片赋值的话，产生的结果是不可预料的。切片操作总是返回一个新的list，不会改变原有的list

seq[start, end]     [start, end)

如果想获取到最后一个元素，省略end

以上都是从左往右切片，所以左边的数字要小于右边的数字。

start超出索引范围从0开始，end超出索引范围到到len(lst)结束。

start为0时可以省略，end省略表示打印到最后一个元素，start和end都省略就是copy。

切片还有一个第3个参数：step，默认是1

当step为负数的时候，从后往前数，此时start应该大于end，否则返回空列表。

切片赋值

对切片赋值，会替换切片原来的元素。

通常我们是不会对切片进行赋值的，会造成很多的误解。

5. 解包/封包

看一个例子，传统的swap

但是在python里面不需要这么做

原来中间的3行代码变成了现在的1行代码，这就是解包/封包。

最简单的解包就是如下：把右边的元组或者列表(可迭代对象都行)解开成了左边的两个变量，这种就是解包。

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封包就是把一组变量，变成元组。把若干变量或常量封装到一个变量里，这就是封包。

我们显式的使用封包比较少，但是解包用的很多。

应用场景：

解包是把集合里的元素赋值给变量(集合可以是可迭代对象)，赋值完的变量要么是一个值，要么是个list，而不管右侧集合是列表还是元组。

封包是把变量构建成元组。下面的这种用法python2是不支持的。

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