Linux操作系统故障排除之Grub信息被删除

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Linux操作系统故障排除之Grub信息被删除

作者：尹正杰

[root@yinzhengjie ~]# hexdump -C /dev/sda -n
eb 8e d0 bc b0 b8 8e d8 8e c0 |.H..............|
fb be 7c bf b9 f3 a4 ea |...|.........!..|
be be 0b c6 fe fe |.....u........u|
f3 eb b4 b0 bb 7c b2 8a |.........|...t..|
fe fa f6 c2 |.....I..........|
b2 ea 7c c0 8e d8 8e d0 bc |u....Y|........|
fb a0 7c 3c ff c2 f6 c2 |. ..@|<.t...R...|
b4 bb aa cd 5a fb |tT.A..U..ZRrI..U|
aa a0 7c c0 e1 |.uC.A|..u....t7f|
8b 4c be 7c c6 ff 8b 1e 7c c7 |.L...|.D..f..D|.|
000000a0 c7 5c c7 |....D...f.\..D..|
000000b0 c0 0c b4 cd |pf1..D.f.D..B..r|
000000c0 bb eb 7d b4 cd 0a f6 c2 0f |...p.}....s.....|
000000d0 f0 e9 8d be 7c c6 ff c0 |........|.D..f1.|
000000e0 f0 d2 ca c1 e2 e8 |..@f.D.........|
000000f0 f4 c0 d0 c0 e8 |..@.D.......f..|
a1 7c d2 f7 0a d2 |f.D|f1.f..T.f1.|
f7 0b 0c 3b 7d 3c 8a |f.t..T..D.;D.}<.|
0d c0 e2 8a 4c 0a fe c1 d1 8a 6c 0c 5a |T.....L......l.Z|
8a 0b bb 8e c3 db b8 cd |.t...p........r|
2a 8c c3 8e 7c 1e b9 8e db f6 |*....H|`.......|
ff fc f3 a5 1f ff 7c be 7f 7d e8 |.....a.&B|..}.@|
eb 0e be 7d e8 eb be 8e 7d e8 |.....}......}.|
be 7d e8 2a eb fe |...}.*...GRUB .G|
6f 6d 6b |eom.Hard Disk.Re|
6f bb b4 0e cd |ad. Error.......|
000001a0 ac 3c f4 c3 |..<.u...........|
000001b0 d2 |........v...... |
000001c0 dd 1e 3f a0 0f dd |!....?..........|
000001d0 1f 3f 8e fe ff ff a8 0f 3e |.?.........Xp>..|
000001e0 |................|
000001f0 aa |..............U.|
|................|
*[root@yinzhengjie ~]#

[root@yinzhengjie ~]# hexdump -C /dev/sda -n 10240#在模拟故障之前，我们查看20个扇区的信息,使用grub或者grub-install命令修复后再次观察20个分区信息，你会发现是有差异的哟~

一.模拟故障

1>.查看分区信息

[root@yinzhengjie ~]# df -h
Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/mapper/vg_node200-lv_root
50G .6G 44G % /
tmpfs .9G 228K .9G % /dev/shm
/dev/sda1 477M 41M 411M % /boot
/dev/mapper/vg_node200-lv_home
439G 71M 417G % /home
/dev/sr0 .8G .8G % /media/CentOS_6.10_Final
[root@yinzhengjie ~]#

2>.查看grub分区

3>.删除grub信息并重启操作系统

[root@yinzhengjie ~]# dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/sda bs= count=
+ records in
+ records out
bytes ( B) copied, 0.000656519 s, kB/s
[root@yinzhengjie ~]#
[root@yinzhengjie ~]# hexdump -C /dev/sda -n
|................|
*
000001b0 |............... |
000001c0 dd 1e 3f a0 0f dd |!....?..........|
000001d0 1f 3f 8e fe ff ff a8 0f 3e |.?.........Xp>..|
000001e0 |................|
000001f0 aa |..............U.|[root@yinzhengjie ~]#
[root@yinzhengjie ~]# reboot Broadcast message from root@yinzhengjie
(/dev/pts/) at : ...The system is going down for reboot NOW!
[root@yinzhengjie ~]#

4>.发现操作系统无法正常启动，直接进入光盘界面了(本来优先从硬盘启动，结果发现MBR分区信息全为0，因此认为硬盘没有启动功能，直接读取光盘信息)

二.通过光盘修复故障

1>.选择救援模式(Rescue installed system)

2>.语言选择"English"，默认即可

3>.键盘选择"us"，默认即可

4>.不启用网络接口(咱们现在是维护模式)

5>.选择continue

6>.选择"ok"

7>.继续选择"ok"

8>.按回车即可进入bash环境

9>.切换根并尝试修复grub信息

10>.grub修复成功后，别忘记同步一下信息

11>.连续输入两个exit

12>.选择重启操作系统

13>.启动成功

三.通过grub命令修复

1>.备份grub分区

[root@yinzhengjie ~]# dd if=/dev/sda of=/root/mbr bs= count=512#如果生产环境中你有两台电脑操作系统分区是一样的，你可以拿另一台grub分区来还原。
+ records in
+ records out
bytes ( B) copied, 0.00105919 s, kB/s
[root@yinzhengjie ~]#
[root@yinzhengjie ~]# ll /root/mbr
-rw-r--r-- root root Dec : /root/mbr
[root@yinzhengjie ~]#

2>.清空grub信息

[root@yinzhengjie ~]# dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/sda bs=1 count=446

3>.使用grub命令修复grub分区

[root@yinzhengjie ~]# df -h
Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/mapper/vg_node200-lv_root
50G .6G 44G % /
tmpfs .9G 72K .9G % /dev/shm
/dev/sda1 477M 41M 411M % /boot
/dev/mapper/vg_node200-lv_home
439G 71M 417G % /home
[root@yinzhengjie ~]#
[root@yinzhengjie ~]# ll /boot/grub/#grub分区依赖于该目录中的文件，若这些文件不存在则无法通过grub分区修复(你可以将他们暂时移动到别的目录，执行下面的grub命令相关的操作就会修复失败)
total
-rw-r--r--. root root Dec : device.map
-rw-r--r--. root root Dec e2fs_stage1_5
-rw-r--r--. root root Dec fat_stage1_5
-rw-r--r--. root root Dec ffs_stage1_5
-rw-------. root root Dec : grub.conf
-rw-r--r--. root root Dec iso9660_stage1_5
-rw-r--r--. root root Dec jfs_stage1_5
lrwxrwxrwx. root root Dec : menu.lst -> ./grub.conf
-rw-r--r--. root root Dec minix_stage1_5
-rw-r--r--. root root Dec reiserfs_stage1_5
-rw-r--r--. root root Nov splash.xpm.gz
-rw-r--r--. root root Dec stage1
-rw-r--r--. root root Dec stage2
-rw-r--r--. root root Dec ufs2_stage1_5
-rw-r--r--. root root Dec vstafs_stage1_5
-rw-r--r--. root root Dec xfs_stage1_5
[root@yinzhengjie ~]#
[root@yinzhengjie ~]#
[root@yinzhengjie ~]# grub
Probing devices to guess BIOS drives. This may take a long time. GNU GRUB version 0.97 (640K lower / 3072K upper memory) [ Minimal BASH-like line editing is supported. For the first word, TAB
lists possible command completions. Anywhere else TAB lists the possible
completions of a device/filename.]
grub> root (hd0,)
root (hd0,)
Filesystem type is ext2fs, partition type 0x83
grub> grub> setup (hd0)
setup (hd0)
Checking if "/boot/grub/stage1" exists... no
Checking if "/grub/stage1" exists... yes
Checking if "/grub/stage2" exists... yes
Checking if "/grub/e2fs_stage1_5" exists... yes
Running "embed /grub/e2fs_stage1_5 (hd0)"... sectors are embedded.
succeeded
Running "install /grub/stage1 (hd0) (hd0)1+27 p (hd0,0)/grub/stage2 /grub/grub.conf"... succeeded
Done.
grub> grub> quit
quit
[root@yinzhengjie ~]#

4>.grub-install比grub命令要好使(因为它不依赖于文件)

[root@yinzhengjie ~]# dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/sda bs= count=
+ records in
+ records out
bytes ( B) copied, 0.000762872 s, kB/s
[root@yinzhengjie ~]#
[root@yinzhengjie ~]# hexdump -C /dev/sda -n
|................|
*
000001b0 |............... |
000001c0 dd 1e 3f a0 0f dd |!....?..........|
000001d0 1f 3f 8e fe ff ff a8 0f 3e |.?.........Xp>..|
000001e0 |................|
000001f0 aa |..............U.|[root@yinzhengjie ~]#
[root@yinzhengjie ~]# mkdir /data
[root@yinzhengjie ~]#
[root@yinzhengjie ~]# mv /boot/grub/* /data/
[root@yinzhengjie ~]#
[root@yinzhengjie ~]# grub
Probing devices to guess BIOS drives. This may take a long time. GNU GRUB version 0.97 (640K lower / 3072K upper memory) [ Minimal BASH-like line editing is supported. For the first word, TAB
lists possible command completions. Anywhere else TAB lists the possible
completions of a device/filename.]
grub> root (hd0,0)
root (hd0,0)
Filesystem type is ext2fs, partition type 0x83
grub> grub> setup (hd0)
setup (hd0)
Checking if "/boot/grub/stage1" exists... no
Checking if "/grub/stage1" exists... noError 15t: File not found#这里报错啦~
grub> grub> quit
quit
[root@yinzhengjie ~]#
[root@yinzhengjie ~]# hexdump -C /dev/sda -n 512#很明显通过grub命令修复失败了
00000000 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |................|
*
000001b0 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 80 20 |............... |
000001c0 21 00 83 dd 1e 3f 00 08 00 00 00 a0 0f 00 00 dd |!....?..........|
000001d0 1f 3f 8e fe ff ff 00 a8 0f 00 00 58 70 3e 00 00 |.?.........Xp>..|
000001e0 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |................|
000001f0 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 55 aa |..............U.|
00000200
[root@yinzhengjie ~]#
[root@yinzhengjie ~]# ll /boot/grub/
total 0
[root@yinzhengjie ~]#
[root@yinzhengjie ~]# grub-install /dev/sda#使用grub-install命令进行修复
Probing devices to guess BIOS drives. This may take a long time.
Installation finished. No error reported.
This is the contents of the device map /boot/grub/device.map.
Check if this is correct or not. If any of the lines is incorrect,
fix it and re-run the script `grub-install'.(fd0) /dev/fd0
(hd0) /dev/sda
[root@yinzhengjie ~]#
[root@yinzhengjie ~]# hexdump -C /dev/sda -n 512
00000000 eb 48 90 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |.H..............|
00000010 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |................|
*
00000030 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 03 02 |................|
00000040 ff 00 00 20 01 00 00 00 00 02 fa 90 90 f6 c2 80 |... ............|
00000050 75 02 b2 80 ea 59 7c 00 00 31 c0 8e d8 8e d0 bc |u....Y|..1......|
00000060 00 20 fb a0 40 7c 3c ff 74 02 88 c2 52 f6 c2 80 |. ..@|<.t...R...|
00000070 74 54 b4 41 bb aa 55 cd 13 5a 52 72 49 81 fb 55 |tT.A..U..ZRrI..U|
00000080 aa 75 43 a0 41 7c 84 c0 75 05 83 e1 01 74 37 66 |.uC.A|..u....t7f|
00000090 8b 4c 10 be 05 7c c6 44 ff 01 66 8b 1e 44 7c c7 |.L...|.D..f..D|.|
000000a0 04 10 00 c7 44 02 01 00 66 89 5c 08 c7 44 06 00 |....D...f.\..D..|
000000b0 70 66 31 c0 89 44 04 66 89 44 0c b4 42 cd 13 72 |pf1..D.f.D..B..r|
000000c0 05 bb 00 70 eb 7d b4 08 cd 13 73 0a f6 c2 80 0f |...p.}....s.....|
000000d0 84 f0 00 e9 8d 00 be 05 7c c6 44 ff 00 66 31 c0 |........|.D..f1.|
000000e0 88 f0 40 66 89 44 04 31 d2 88 ca c1 e2 02 88 e8 |..@f.D.1........|
000000f0 88 f4 40 89 44 08 31 c0 88 d0 c0 e8 02 66 89 04 |..@.D.1......f..|
00000100 66 a1 44 7c 66 31 d2 66 f7 34 88 54 0a 66 31 d2 |f.D|f1.f.4.T.f1.|
00000110 66 f7 74 04 88 54 0b 89 44 0c 3b 44 08 7d 3c 8a |f.t..T..D.;D.}<.|
00000120 54 0d c0 e2 06 8a 4c 0a fe c1 08 d1 8a 6c 0c 5a |T.....L......l.Z|
00000130 8a 74 0b bb 00 70 8e c3 31 db b8 01 02 cd 13 72 |.t...p..1......r|
00000140 2a 8c c3 8e 06 48 7c 60 1e b9 00 01 8e db 31 f6 |*....H|`......1.|
00000150 31 ff fc f3 a5 1f 61 ff 26 42 7c be 7f 7d e8 40 |1.....a.&B|..}.@|
00000160 00 eb 0e be 84 7d e8 38 00 eb 06 be 8e 7d e8 30 |.....}.8.....}.0|
00000170 00 be 93 7d e8 2a 00 eb fe 47 52 55 42 20 00 47 |...}.*...GRUB .G|
00000180 65 6f 6d 00 48 61 72 64 20 44 69 73 6b 00 52 65 |eom.Hard Disk.Re|
00000190 61 64 00 20 45 72 72 6f 72 00 bb 01 00 b4 0e cd |ad. Error.......|
000001a0 10 ac 3c 00 75 f4 c3 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |..<.u...........|
000001b0 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 80 20 |............... |
000001c0 21 00 83 dd 1e 3f 00 08 00 00 00 a0 0f 00 00 dd |!....?..........|
000001d0 1f 3f 8e fe ff ff 00 a8 0f 00 00 58 70 3e 00 00 |.?.........Xp>..|
000001e0 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |................|
000001f0 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 55 aa |..............U.|
00000200
[root@yinzhengjie ~]#
[root@yinzhengjie ~]# ll /boot/grub/#我们发现grub-install命令不仅仅是修复grub分区，还会自动把1.5 stage的文件自动成了啦~
total 255
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 30 Dec 2 21:26 device.map
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 13428 Dec 2 21:26 e2fs_stage1_5
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 12636 Dec 2 21:26 fat_stage1_5
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 11780 Dec 2 21:26 ffs_stage1_5
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 11772 Dec 2 21:26 iso9660_stage1_5
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 13284 Dec 2 21:26 jfs_stage1_5
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 11972 Dec 2 21:26 minix_stage1_5
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 14428 Dec 2 21:26 reiserfs_stage1_5
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 512 Dec 2 21:26 stage1
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 126148 Dec 2 21:26 stage2
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 12040 Dec 2 21:26 ufs2_stage1_5
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 11380 Dec 2 21:26 vstafs_stage1_5
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 13980 Dec 2 21:26 xfs_stage1_5
[root@yinzhengjie ~]#

[root@yinzhengjie ~]# hexdump -C /dev/sda -n
eb |.H..............|
|................|
*
|................|
ff fa f6 c2 |... ............|
b2 ea 7c c0 8e d8 8e d0 bc |u....Y|........|
fb a0 7c 3c ff c2 f6 c2 |. ..@|<.t...R...|
b4 bb aa cd 5a fb |tT.A..U..ZRrI..U|
aa a0 7c c0 e1 |.uC.A|..u....t7f|
8b 4c be 7c c6 ff 8b 1e 7c c7 |.L...|.D..f..D|.|
000000a0 c7 5c c7 |....D...f.\..D..|
000000b0 c0 0c b4 cd |pf1..D.f.D..B..r|
000000c0 bb eb 7d b4 cd 0a f6 c2 0f |...p.}....s.....|
000000d0 f0 e9 8d be 7c c6 ff c0 |........|.D..f1.|
000000e0 f0 d2 ca c1 e2 e8 |..@f.D.........|
000000f0 f4 c0 d0 c0 e8 |..@.D.......f..|
a1 7c d2 f7 0a d2 |f.D|f1.f..T.f1.|
f7 0b 0c 3b 7d 3c 8a |f.t..T..D.;D.}<.|
0d c0 e2 8a 4c 0a fe c1 d1 8a 6c 0c 5a |T.....L......l.Z|
8a 0b bb 8e c3 db b8 cd |.t...p........r|
2a 8c c3 8e 7c 1e b9 8e db f6 |*....H|`.......|
ff fc f3 a5 1f ff 7c be 7f 7d e8 |.....a.&B|..}.@|
eb 0e be 7d e8 eb be 8e 7d e8 |.....}......}.|
be 7d e8 2a eb fe |...}.*...GRUB .G|
6f 6d 6b |eom.Hard Disk.Re|
6f bb b4 0e cd |ad. Error.......|
000001a0 ac 3c f4 c3 |..<.u...........|
000001b0 |............... |
000001c0 dd 1e 3f a0 0f dd |!....?..........|
000001d0 1f 3f 8e fe ff ff a8 0f 3e |.?.........Xp>..|
000001e0 |................|
000001f0 aa |..............U.|
5e bf f8 8b 2d 7d 0f c4 |RV^..!f.-.}.....|
7c ff 3e 8b 1d c0 b0 7f |..|..t>f..f1...|
7f 8b c7 |E....E.)E.f.....|
5c c7 |..D.f.\..D..pPf1|
c0 0c b4 cd 0f |..D.f.D..B......|
bb eb 8b d2 f7 |..p.Vf..f1.f..T|
0a d2 f7 0b 0c 3b |.f1.f.t..T..D.;D|
7d 8b 2a 0a 7f 8b |.}h..*D.9E....E.|
8a 0d c0 e2 8a 4c 0a fe |)E.f...T.....L..|
c1 d1 8a 6c 0c 5a 8a 0b bb 8e |....l.ZR.t.P..p.|
000002a0 c3 db b4 cd 3a 8c c3 8e c1 |......r:...E.X.|
000002b0 e0 1e c1 e0 c1 ff f6 |...E.`......1.1.|
000002c0 8e db fc f3 a4 1f 7d 0f ff |......a.}....B..|
000002d0 ef e9 ff 5a ea be e8 3f |....Z.."....!.?|
000002e0 eb be 0c e8 be e8 eb |.....!....!...|
000002f0 fe 4c 6f 6e 2e |.Loading stage1.|
2e 0d 0a 6f 6d |......Geom.Read|
6f bb b4 0e cd |. Error........F|
8a 3c f2 c3 |..<.u...........|
|................|
*
000003f0 1a |.............. .|
ea ff ff ff |.p".............|
2e ff ff ff 2f |..0.97...../grub|
2f 2f 2f |/stage2 /grub/gr|
2e 6f 6e |ub.conf.........|
|................|
*
fa c0 8e d8 8e d0 8e c0 2d fc |........gf.-.$.|
bd f0 1f ec fb f8 |.f.....f...g...$|
cd e8 bf b9 |....f.a....tT...|
000004a0 f9 c0 fc f3 aa e8 |(U..)..........|
000004b0 e8 8c f4 e9 fa ff ff ff 8b a3 |............D$..|
000004c0 c3 8b a3 |.%....f.D$.f..%.|
000004d0 c1 e0 c3 a1 |.......$U.......|
000004e0 8a 8b 4c 0c e8 |...dT...L$..Q...|
000004f0 cd ff 2d fa 0f |f..gf.-.%...gf..|
0f c0 c8 0f c0 |.@%... .f....".f|
ea b8 8e d8 8e c0 8e |..#....f........|
e0 8e e8 8e d0 8b a3 f0 1f a1 f4 |.......$.......$|
c4 c5 a1 f0 1f c0 |.............$.|
c3 0f e0 a3 f4 8b |....@%......$...|
a3 f0 1f b8 f0 1f c4 c5 |.$..............|
b8 8e d8 8e c0 8e e0 8e e8 8e d0 ea |f. ............u|
0f c0 e0 fe 0f c0 |#..... .f....".f|
ea c0 8e d8 8e c0 8e e0 |..#....f1.......|
8e e8 8e d0 fb c3 e5 8b |.....f.U..VS.E.f|
000005a0 c6 c0 c1 e8 c1 8a 0c 8b |..f1....f...U.f.|
000005b0 5d e8 8a ff ff ff d8 8e d9 cd e2 |]..............|
000005c0 c0 8e d8 e8 ff ff ff d0 5b 5e 5d c3 |...f......[^].U|
000005d0 e5 8b c5 8a c0 e0 |..SWV.E....E....|
000005e0 c1 e8 c1 8a 8a 0c 8b 5d |f......u..U.f.] |
000005f0 8a 8a 1c c7 e8 ff ff ff 8e c3 |.e..E.f...C.....|
db be f8 cd e3 c0 cd |........s.....|
4e fe db eb ea e8 da fe ff |.N...t....f....|
ff d8 5e 5f 5b 5d c3 e5 8a e8 |...^_[].U..S.U..|
0d ff ff ff b4 bb aa cd fb |.....A..U..r...U|
aa 0e e3 a0 c0 e1 |.u....."..u....u|
db e8 a2 fe ff ff d8 5b 5d c3 |..f.......[].U.|
e5 8a e8 d6 fe ff ff b4 cd |.SW.U...........|
e4 f6 c1 3f b4 e3 e8 fe |.u...?u..`..f.y.|
ff ff 8d 6c f0 8b 7d c0 |...l$...@.}....|
c8 3f 8b 7d c0 e9 cc e8 |..$?.}..........|
000006a0 8b 7d 0c c0 d8 5f 5b 5d c3 |@.}......_[].US|
000006b0 8b 5c 0c e8 fe ff ff fb cd |.\$.........ft..|
000006c0 eb b4 cd c3 e8 2b fe ff ff |.f........f.+...|
000006d0 d8 5b 5d c3 8b b3 e8 5f fe |f..[]..T$.`..._.|
000006e0 ff ff d0 ff b4 0e cd e8 0b fe ff ff |.........f.....|
000006f0 c3 f0 7f |a.f.............|
|................|
|................|
ff ff 9a cf ff ff cf |................|
ff ff 9e ff ff |................|
e5 ec 6a |'..%....U....4j.|
e8 ff ff ff c7 a3 |.Y.....$......T.|
e8 ff ff ff 8b e4 |..H......".....T|
5a a3 a1 f8 8d e0 |..Z..T....$...U.|
a3 e8 e8 bf c4 |YRP..T....$.....|
c0 f6 f4 0c c7 |..u..E..u...0T..|
000007a0 ff eb 0a a1 f8 a3 |........$...0T..|
000007b0 e8 c8 c9 c3 e5 8b 8b 4d |........U...E..M|
000007c0 bb 0a d2 f7 f3 fa 0a |.WVS...........|
000007d0 8d 8d 7a 0f 4c f7 c0 f2 8d |.rW.z0.L........|
000007e0 d1 eb e1 8b d6 eb 0a 8a |Q.t......E......|
000007f0 8a c1 f2 f0 5b |.....I..@.w...[|
5e 5f 5d c3 e5 8b 5d 8d bf 8d |^_].U...E.].H..P|
f9 0f c2 c3 e5 8b 5d 8d | ....F..U...E.].|
9f 8d e0 f9 0f c2 c3 c0 |H..P.....F..U1..|
e5 8b ea fa 8b |..U.......w....x|
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00001d40 8b d0 8b f8 0f f8 0c 3d |.E......t....t.=|
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00001d90 c7 | U.........U....|
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00001db0 c7 ec |T.....T......t9R|
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00001dd0 c0 c7 c0 e9 |.t...tT........|
00001de0 f9 a1 c7 ff |.....dT.....U...|
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00001e70 0f b6 c4 c8 ec 0c 8d e0 |.....t`...WV...|
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00001ea0 f0 ec |h.T..h.T..h.U..h|
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00001f10 c7 |T..Ht...hT......|
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00001f30 c9 0f c0 c3 e5 8b 5d |........U..VS.].|
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00001f70 0f c7 ff |$U..u...dT......|
00001f80 e9 e8 6a ff ff ff a1 |......j....tT...|
00001f90 c0 0b 7b 2f 6c f8 c7 |.t..{./tl...ug..|
00001fa0 c7 f8 ff ff |tT.........T....|
00001fb0 ff 7f 7b 2f 0a c7 |...{./t...tT....|
00001fc0 3d 3d |...=tT...u..=hT.|
00001fd0 0a c7 3d |..u...tT.......=|
00001fe0 1e 6b ec |tT...u.k.hT.....|
00001ff0 0c ff c4 c0 0f c0 |.V..@T..........|
0f b6 c0 eb c0 8d f8 5b 5e 5d c3 |.......e.[^].U.|
e5 ec 8b 8b 0c 8b 5d d2 |.S....U..E..]...|
8d 4c ff c1 f9 d1 3b 0d f0 |x..L.......;..T.|
0e c7 c0 eb |.r...tT........|
2a ec 0c c1 ff e1 ff c1 |*......u........|
f8 d0 ec ff |.......T..SQP.5d|
e8 ac f5 ff ff c4 8b 5d fc c9 c3 |T......... .]...|
e5 8b 5d a3 c3 e5 |U...E.].pT...U..|
ec e8 aa fe ff ff c4 |S...h.".........|
c0 6f |...toQQh....h...|
000020a0 c7 3e e8 b6 f4 ff ff |...xT..p>.......|
000020b0 c4 3d ff c7 |....=pT.....xT..|
000020c0 0f ec 0c df e8 0e |....u....h.R....|
000020d0 f4 ff ff eb 6a ff e8 |....4RRj.h......|
000020e0 f4 ff ff c3 e8 0e f5 ff ff c4 db |...............t|
000020f0 ff 6a e8 |.P.5pT..h....j..|
b7 e3 ff ff e8 f1 f3 ff ff e8 a2 e3 ff ff |................|
e5 c7 d6 bb |U..W..V..S......|
ec 8b 0d ff c1 |.........5dT....|
0a d3 e3 e8 e8 f3 ff ff 6a c1 d8 |........VSj.....|
f7 f9 c1 0f af cf e8 c0 fe ff ff 8d |........Q......e|
f4 5b 5e 5f 5d c3 e5 bf |.[^_].U..W.....V|
c6 b8 ec 0c 8b 0d |..S.............|
c1 0a d3 e0 b8 0a f3 8d |......f..(......|
0f 9f e9 |.(..............|
3a 0a f3 0f f7 0f b7 4a 8d |f.:..........J..|
000021a0 5a 6b c9 0c 8d 0c 0a eb c8 d8 c1 f8 |Z.k......"..)...|
000021b0 c0 ab aa aa aa f7 ff 6b c0 0c 8d |.i........k.....|
000021c0 3b 8d f4 eb 8d 0c cb da |;0s..H....X..v.|
000021d0 eb 0c 7b 0f 9b 8b |...f.{.........C|
000021e0 8b 0d ba |...T..t#.......|
000021f0 c1 0a d3 e2 c2 9c e8 |................|
0c ff ff ff c0 0f 8b 8b |.............C..|
0d a3 b8 |.......T........|
c1 0a d3 e0 8d 9c 7a 0f |..........f.z...|
5b ff ff ff 0f b7 4a 8d 5a bf |.[.....J..Z.....|
6b c9 0c 8d 0c 0a eb c8 d8 c1 f8 |.k......"..)....|
c0 ab aa aa aa f7 ff 6b c0 0c 8d 3b |i........k.....;|
8d f4 eb 8d 0c cb da 8d |0s..H....X..v..|
f4 7a 0c c7 0e |S.f.z..t...tT...|
eb 8b f4 0f b7 4a c1 f1 |......C...J....|
0f c7 c8 ff eb |s...tT..........|
000022a0 c6 8b f0 c4 0c 5b 5e 5f 5d c3 |.)..B......[^_].|
000022b0 e5 ec 2c f8 0b 8b 0d |U..WVS..,.......|
000022c0 7f c1 0a ba d3 e2 8b |................|
000022d0 e9 f5 ba |.(..............|
000022e0 c1 0a 8d f4 d0 d3 e0 c1 c1 e9 cb |...X...........|
000022f0 3d 8d 9c |sH.=.T...t......|
8b e8 fe ff ff c0 0f |...X............|
8b 0d b8 c7 |................|
c1 0a d3 e0 8b |..T.............|
9c e9 de ce 0f bc |............)...|
d9 8d 0c 1b d3 e2 d6 0f 8d 3d |..............=|
8d 9c 8b 5c |.T...t.........\|
e8 a8 fd ff ff c0 0f |...............|
8b 0d b8 f2 c7 |................|
c1 0a d3 e0 c1 c1 e9 |T...............|
0f bc c9 d3 fa 8b 9c 9c 3b 1d |.............;..|
000023a0 8d 9c d8 e8 5d |T..t...........]|
000023b0 fd ff ff c0 0f e9 8b 0d |................|
000023c0 b8 1d c1 0a d3 |.........T......|
000023d0 e0 c2 c0 c1 ea 4a f2 8b 9c |........J!......|
000023e0 e9 e8 3d c7 |........=.T.....|
000023f0 ff ff ff ff 8d 9c |.T......t.......|
8b e8 fd ff ff c0 0f |..`.............|
8d 0c 1b bb df d8 d3 |................|
e7 8b 0d fe f7 c7 |.......)......T.|
c1 0a d3 e0 c1 c1 e9 0f |................|
bc c9 c9 d3 fe 8d 9c 8b b0 |................|
9c e8 b7 fc ff ff c0 8b 0d |...........tG...|
d8 c1 0a d3 e0 c1 c0 c1 e9 |................|
4d d4 8d 9c 0f bc f1 e4 |..M...........u.|
8a 4d e4 fe d3 fe e4 8b d4 4e |.M......u..u.N!u|
e4 8b 4d e4 8b 9c e8 fc ff ff |..M.........p...|
000024a0 c0 0f c7 c8 |..u...tT........|
000024b0 ff eb 1c 8b 0d c1 0a d3 e3 d8 |................|
000024c0 db c1 e8 f8 8b 9c |.....H!.........|
000024d0 c4 2c 5b 5e 5f 5d c3 e5 ec 2c |.,[^_].U..WVS..,|
000024e0 8b c7 d4 fb ff ff |....u...........|
000024f0 c7 e0 fb ff ff c7 d8 fb ff ff |................|
8b d8 fb ff ff d2 bb |............ ..|
e4 fb ff ff f7 |.H.......(.....|
dc fb ff ff 8b 0d 3d |...........=`...|
0f b7 1d fe c1 0a b8 |.y..............|
d3 e0 f7 fb 8b bb |.............. .|
0f bc c8 d0 fb ff ff 3d |............=`..|
0f b7 1d fe 8b dc fb ff |..y.............|
ff 8b d3 f8 8d ba |..........D.....|
e8 fb ff ff c0 0f c0 |................|
3d bf 0f b7 3d |=`..... ...y...=|
000025a0 fe 8b 8d d0 fb ff ff b8 |................|
000025b0 c1 0a d3 e0 f7 fb dc fb ff ff 0f af |.......H#.......|
000025c0 c7 dc fb ff ff 3d |.............=`.|
000025d0 c7 |...y..x(.u...tT.|
000025e0 0e c8 ff e9 8b 0d |.........d......|
000025f0 bf c1 0a d3 e7 0f b7 0d |................|
f8 c7 f7 f9 |X..............|
d2 0f bc c8 8b e4 fb ff ff f7 |...........(...|
8b dc fb ff ff d3 fa d3 eb |.............X..|
d8 e8 da fa ff ff c0 0f 8b 0d |................|
b8 9c 0f |....P.....h.....|
b7 3d c1 0a d3 e0 8d |.=X.............|
f7 ff c7 ff ff ff ff c7 |.......T........|
ff ff ff ff e4 fb ff ff 0f |.T......H#......|
af c7 8d e8 a1 e2 ff ff 8b 0d |.....PS.........|
ba c4 c1 0a d3 e2 0f |................|
000026a0 b7 f0 3d a0 |......%....=....|
000026b0 0f ff d4 fb ff ff bd d4 fb |..U.............|
000026c0 ff ff 7f db eb c7 1a |..........tT...|
000026d0 e9 8a 1e c0 |....w...C.....t.|
000026e0 ec 0c 0f be c0 e8 e1 ff ff c4 |......P.@.......|
000026f0 c0 e5 8b 0d b8 c1 |.t..............|
0a d3 e0 8b 8d fa fe |................|
a3 f4 0f 3e db |....T....>.....t|
8d e8 fb ff ff 8d e8 fa |.WS......V...P..|
e1 ff ff c4 8d e8 f6 8d 1c 1d |.......E.......|
f4 c6 fc ff ff 8b 0d |.T..............|
bb c1 0a d3 e3 bb |.............h..|
1a ec 0c ff e8 ae ed |..t.....5dT.....|
ff ff c4 c1 d8 f7 f9 c6 8b 0d |................|
ba c1 0a d3 e2 b2 |...............|
1c d1 2a ff f4 |......t*QQ..T..|
000027a0 8d e8 fb ff ff e8 ba ed ff ff c4 c7 |......P.........|
000027b0 1c c0 e9 8d |..U........u"...|
000027c0 c1 ff f4 8d |..R..(.....T...|
000027d0 e8 fb ff ff e8 e1 ff ff c4 8b |.....QR.Q.......|
000027e0 e0 fb ff ff b8 bd e8 fb ff ff |................|
000027f0 2f 8d b5 e8 fb ff ff 0f d0 d8 fb ff ff |/.......D.......|[root@yinzhengjie ~]#

[root@yinzhengjie ~]# hexdump -C /dev/sda -n 10240#还记得在开始模拟修复之前，我们也查看了前20个扇区信息没？虽说修复grub后操作系统可以正常启动了，但是和修复之前依旧是有差异的哟~

四.验证修复grub之前和修复grub之后的差异

1>.在"/boot/grub"目录只存放grub.conf文件，发现操作系统依旧可以正常启动

[root@yinzhengjie ~]# ls /boot/grub/
device.map fat_stage1_5 grub.conf jfs_stage1_5 minix_stage1_5 splash.xpm.gz stage2 vstafs_stage1_5
e2fs_stage1_5 ffs_stage1_5 iso9660_stage1_5 menu.lst reiserfs_stage1_5 stage1 ufs2_stage1_5 xfs_stage1_5
[root@yinzhengjie ~]#
[root@yinzhengjie ~]# mkdir /data
[root@yinzhengjie ~]#
[root@yinzhengjie ~]# mv /boot/grub/* /data/
[root@yinzhengjie ~]#
[root@yinzhengjie ~]# ls /data/
device.map fat_stage1_5 grub.conf jfs_stage1_5 minix_stage1_5 splash.xpm.gz stage2 vstafs_stage1_5
e2fs_stage1_5 ffs_stage1_5 iso9660_stage1_5 menu.lst reiserfs_stage1_5 stage1 ufs2_stage1_5 xfs_stage1_5
[root@yinzhengjie ~]#
[root@yinzhengjie ~]# mv /data/grub.conf /boot/grub/
[root@yinzhengjie ~]#
[root@yinzhengjie ~]# ll /boot/grub/
total 2
-rw-------. 1 root root 839 Dec 1 07:36 grub.conf
[root@yinzhengjie ~]#
[root@yinzhengjie ~]# rebootBroadcast message from root@yinzhengjie
(/dev/pts/2) at 20:47 ...The system is going down for reboot NOW!
[root@yinzhengjie ~]#

2>.修复后grub发生变化了，如果将修复后在"/boot/grub"目录的文件移并只剩下"grub.conf"文件是无法正常启动的（这种情况就只能使用上面我们介绍的救援模式来恢复grub啦~）

[root@yinzhengjie ~]# ll /boot/grub/
total
-rw-------. root root Dec : grub.conf
[root@yinzhengjie ~]#
[root@yinzhengjie ~]# grub-install /dev/sda
Probing devices to guess BIOS drives. This may take a long time.
Installation finished. No error reported.
This is the contents of the device map /boot/grub/device.map.
Check if this is correct or not. If any of the lines is incorrect,
fix it and re-run the script `grub-install'.(fd0) /dev/fd0
(hd0) /dev/sda
[root@yinzhengjie ~]#
[root@yinzhengjie ~]# mkdir /data2
[root@yinzhengjie ~]#
[root@yinzhengjie ~]# ls /boot/grub/
device.map fat_stage1_5 grub.conf jfs_stage1_5 reiserfs_stage1_5 stage2 vstafs_stage1_5
e2fs_stage1_5 ffs_stage1_5 iso9660_stage1_5 minix_stage1_5 stage1 ufs2_stage1_5 xfs_stage1_5
[root@yinzhengjie ~]#
[root@yinzhengjie ~]# mv /boot/grub/* /data2/
[root@yinzhengjie ~]# mv /data2/grub.conf /boot/grub/
[root@yinzhengjie ~]#
[root@yinzhengjie ~]# ls /boot/grub/
grub.conf
[root@yinzhengjie ~]#
[root@yinzhengjie ~]# rebootBroadcast message from root@yinzhengjie
(/dev/pts/0) at 20:52 ...The system is going down for reboot NOW!
[root@yinzhengjie ~]#

五.grub.conf文件的功能

1>.根据grub.conf默认的菜单复制一个菜单

[root@yinzhengjie ~]# cat /boot/grub/grub.conf
# grub.conf generated by anaconda
#
# Note that you do not have to rerun grub after making changes to this file
# NOTICE: You have a /boot partition. This means that
# all kernel and initrd paths are relative to /boot/, eg.
# root (hd0,)
# kernel /vmlinuz-version ro root=/dev/mapper/vg_node200-lv_root
# initrd /initrd-[generic-]version.img
#boot=/dev/sda
default=0#默认启动为0，即默认启动第一个菜单
timeout=
splashimage=(hd0,)/grub/splash.xpm.gz
hiddenmenu
title CentOS (2.6.-.el6.x86_64)#这里就是咱们第一个菜单
root (hd0,)
kernel /vmlinuz-2.6.-.el6.x86_64 ro root=/dev/mapper/vg_node200-lv_root nomodeset rd_NO_LUKS LANG=en_US.UTF- rd_LVM_LV=vg_node200/lv_swap rd_NO_MD SYSFONT=lat
arcyrheb-sun16 crashkernel=128M rd_LVM_LV=vg_node200/lv_root KEYBOARDTYPE=pc KEYTABLE=us rd_NO_DM rhgb quiet
initrd /initramfs-2.6.-.el6.x86_64.img
[root@yinzhengjie ~]#
[root@yinzhengjie ~]# vim /boot/grub/grub.conf
[root@yinzhengjie ~]#
[root@yinzhengjie ~]# cat /boot/grub/grub.conf
# grub.conf generated by anaconda
#
# Note that you do not have to rerun grub after making changes to this file
# NOTICE: You have a /boot partition. This means that
# all kernel and initrd paths are relative to /boot/, eg.
# root (hd0,)
# kernel /vmlinuz-version ro root=/dev/mapper/vg_node200-lv_root
# initrd /initrd-[generic-]version.img
#boot=/dev/sda
default=1#此处我们将默认设置为第二个菜单(注意:计算机是从0开始计数的)
timeout=
splashimage=(hd0,)/grub/splash.xpm.gz
hiddenmenu
title CentOS (2.6.-.el6.x86_64)#这是操作系统默认的菜单，下面是对应的启动参数
root (hd0,)
kernel /vmlinuz-2.6.-.el6.x86_64 ro root=/dev/mapper/vg_node200-lv_root nomodeset rd_NO_LUKS LANG=en_US.UTF- rd_LVM_LV=vg_node200/lv_swap rd_NO_MD SYSFONT=lat
arcyrheb-sun16 crashkernel=128M rd_LVM_LV=vg_node200/lv_root KEYBOARDTYPE=pc KEYTABLE=us rd_NO_DM rhgb quiet initrd /initramfs-2.6.-.el6.x86_64.img
title CentOS (4.6.-.el6.x86_64)#这第二个菜单其实就是把上面第一个菜单拷贝过来改动了一下名字而已，其本质还是使用的第一个菜单的功能，换汤不换药~
root (hd0,)
kernel /vmlinuz-2.6.-.el6.x86_64 ro root=/dev/mapper/vg_node200-lv_root nomodeset rd_NO_LUKS LANG=en_US.UTF- rd_LVM_LV=vg_node200/lv_swap rd_NO_MD SYSFONT=lat
arcyrheb-sun16 crashkernel=128M rd_LVM_LV=vg_node200/lv_root KEYBOARDTYPE=pc KEYTABLE=us rd_NO_DM rhgb quiet
initrd /initramfs-2.6.-.el6.x86_64.img
[root@yinzhengjie ~]#

2>.重启操作系统后发现有下面的默认启动菜单

[root@yinzhengjie ~]# reboot Broadcast message from root@yinzhengjie
(/dev/pts/) at : ...The system is going down for reboot NOW!
[root@yinzhengjie ~]#

3>.关于grub的root写法以及rhgb和quiet参数说明

[root@yinzhengjie ~]# cat /boot/grub/grub.conf
# grub.conf generated by anaconda
#
# Note that you do not have to rerun grub after making changes to this file
# NOTICE: You have a /boot partition. This means that
# all kernel and initrd paths are relative to /boot/, eg.
# root (hd0,)
# kernel /vmlinuz-version ro root=/dev/mapper/vg_node200-lv_root
# initrd /initrd-[generic-]version.img
#boot=/dev/sda
default=
timeout=
splashimage=(hd0,)/grub/splash.xpm.gz
hiddenmenu
title CentOS (2.6.-.el6.x86_64)
root (hd0,)
kernel /vmlinuz-2.6.-.el6.x86_64 ro root=/dev/mapper/vg_node200-lv_root nomodeset rd_NO_LUKS LANG=en_US.UTF- rd_LVM_LV=vg_node200/lv_swap rd_NO_MD SYSFONT=lat
arcyrheb-sun16 crashkernel=128M rd_LVM_LV=vg_node200/lv_root KEYBOARDTYPE=pc KEYTABLE=us rd_NO_DM rhgb quiet
initrd /initramfs-2.6.-.el6.x86_64.img
title CentOS (4.6.-.el6.x86_64)
root (hd0,)
kernel /vmlinuz-2.6.-.el6.x86_64 ro root=/dev/mapper/vg_node200-lv_root nomodeset rd_NO_LUKS LANG=en_US.UTF- rd_LVM_LV=vg_node200/lv_swap rd_NO_MD SYSFONT=lat
arcyrheb-sun16 crashkernel=128M rd_LVM_LV=vg_node200/lv_root KEYBOARDTYPE=pc KEYTABLE=us rd_NO_DM rhgb quiet
initrd /initramfs-2.6.-.el6.x86_64.img
[root@yinzhengjie ~]#
[root@yinzhengjie ~]# vim /boot/grub/grub.conf
[root@yinzhengjie ~]#
[root@yinzhengjie ~]# cat /boot/grub/grub.conf
# grub.conf generated by anaconda
#
# Note that you do not have to rerun grub after making changes to this file
# NOTICE: You have a /boot partition. This means that
# all kernel and initrd paths are relative to /boot/, eg.
# root (hd0,)
# kernel /vmlinuz-version ro root=/dev/mapper/vg_node200-lv_root
# initrd /initrd-[generic-]version.img
#boot=/dev/sda
default=
timeout=
splashimage=(hd0,)/grub/splash.xpm.gz
hiddenmenu
title CentOS (2.6.-.el6.x86_64)
root (hd0,)
kernel /vmlinuz-2.6.-.el6.x86_64 ro root=/dev/mapper/vg_node200-lv_root nomodeset rd_NO_LUKS LANG=en_US.UTF- rd_LVM_LV=vg_node200/lv_swap rd_NO_MD SYSFONT=lat
arcyrheb-sun16 crashkernel=128M rd_LVM_LV=vg_node200/lv_root KEYBOARDTYPE=pc KEYTABLE=us rd_NO_DM rhgb quiet initrd /initramfs-2.6.-.el6.x86_64.img
title CentOS (4.6.-.el6.x86_64)#我们将"root(hd0,0)"这行信息给删除掉，然后再每行的路径的开头声明根节点位置为(hd0,0)也是可以正常启动操作系统的哟~，不仅如此，我们还可以将rhgb(启动操作会显示一个转圈圈的图形，后面发生了啥咱也不知道呀因为只能看到一个图片,因此生产环境我们可以考虑将它去掉的)和quiet(该参数若不启用启动操作系统时会有更多信息输出到屏幕)参数删除，并不会影响到作系统的正常启动。
kernel (hd0,)/vmlinuz-2.6.-.el6.x86_64 ro root=/dev/mapper/vg_node200-lv_root nomodeset rd_NO_LUKS LANG=en_US.UTF- rd_LVM_LV=vg_node200/lv_swap rd_NO_MD SYSF
ONT=latarcyrheb-sun16 crashkernel=128M rd_LVM_LV=vg_node200/lv_root KEYBOARDTYPE=pc KEYTABLE=us rd_NO_DM
initrd (hd0,)/initramfs-2.6.-.el6.x86_64.img
[root@yinzhengjie ~]#

4>.kernel参数和initrd启动顺序不可以颠倒

[root@yinzhengjie ~]# cat /boot/grub/grub.conf
# grub.conf generated by anaconda
#
# Note that you do not have to rerun grub after making changes to this file
# NOTICE: You have a /boot partition. This means that
# all kernel and initrd paths are relative to /boot/, eg.
# root (hd0,)
# kernel /vmlinuz-version ro root=/dev/mapper/vg_node200-lv_root
# initrd /initrd-[generic-]version.img
#boot=/dev/sda
default=
timeout=
splashimage=(hd0,)/grub/splash.xpm.gz
hiddenmenu
title CentOS (2.6.-.el6.x86_64)
root (hd0,)
kernel /vmlinuz-2.6.-.el6.x86_64 ro root=/dev/mapper/vg_node200-lv_root nomodeset rd_NO_LUKS LANG=en_US.UTF- rd_LVM_LV=vg_node200/lv_swap rd_NO_MD SYSFONT=lat
arcyrheb-sun16 crashkernel=128M rd_LVM_LV=vg_node200/lv_root KEYBOARDTYPE=pc KEYTABLE=us rd_NO_DM rhgb quiet initrd /initramfs-2.6.-.el6.x86_64.img
title CentOS (4.6.-.el6.x86_64)
kernel (hd0,)/vmlinuz-2.6.-.el6.x86_64 ro root=/dev/mapper/vg_node200-lv_root nomodeset rd_NO_LUKS LANG=en_US.UTF- rd_LVM_LV=vg_node200/lv_swap rd_NO_MD SYSF
ONT=latarcyrheb-sun16 crashkernel=128M rd_LVM_LV=vg_node200/lv_root KEYBOARDTYPE=pc KEYTABLE=us rd_NO_DM initrd (hd0,)/initramfs-2.6.-.el6.x86_64.img
[root@yinzhengjie ~]#
[root@yinzhengjie ~]# vim /boot/grub/grub.conf
[root@yinzhengjie ~]#
[root@yinzhengjie ~]# cat /boot/grub/grub.conf
# grub.conf generated by anaconda
#
# Note that you do not have to rerun grub after making changes to this file
# NOTICE: You have a /boot partition. This means that
# all kernel and initrd paths are relative to /boot/, eg.
# root (hd0,)
# kernel /vmlinuz-version ro root=/dev/mapper/vg_node200-lv_root
# initrd /initrd-[generic-]version.img
#boot=/dev/sda
default=
timeout=
splashimage=(hd0,)/grub/splash.xpm.gz
hiddenmenu
title CentOS (2.6.-.el6.x86_64)
root (hd0,)
kernel /vmlinuz-2.6.-.el6.x86_64 ro root=/dev/mapper/vg_node200-lv_root nomodeset rd_NO_LUKS LANG=en_US.UTF- rd_LVM_LV=vg_node200/lv_swap rd_NO_MD SYSFONT=lat
arcyrheb-sun16 crashkernel=128M rd_LVM_LV=vg_node200/lv_root KEYBOARDTYPE=pc KEYTABLE=us rd_NO_DM rhgb quiet initrd /initramfs-2.6.-.el6.x86_64.img
title CentOS (4.6.-.el6.x86_64)#注意，我这里故意将kernel的顺序调到了initrd下面去啦！观察操作系统是否可以正常启动，答案是否定的，如下图所示。
initrd (hd0,)/initramfs-2.6.-.el6.x86_64.img
kernel (hd0,)/vmlinuz-2.6.-.el6.x86_64 ro root=/dev/mapper/vg_node200-lv_root nomodeset rd_NO_LUKS LANG=en_US.UTF- rd_LVM_LV=vg_node200/lv_swap rd_NO_MD SYSF
ONT=latarcyrheb-sun16 crashkernel=128M rd_LVM_LV=vg_node200/lv_root KEYBOARDTYPE=pc KEYTABLE=us rd_NO_DM[root@yinzhengjie ~]#
[root@yinzhengjie ~]#
[root@yinzhengjie ~]# rebootBroadcast message from root@yinzhengjie
(/dev/pts/) at : ...The system is going down for reboot NOW!
[root@yinzhengjie ~]#

如果出现如上图所示的错误，其实咱们也可以手动修改的，按回车键进入如下图所示的界面，按字母"e"进行编辑

删除"initrd"行，如下图所示。

按字母"o"新增一行，如下图所示。

如上图所示，按字母"e"进行编辑，然后将"initrd /initramfs-2.6.32-754.el6.x86_64.img"信息写入即可。

如上图所示，按回车即可，出现如下图所示的界面后按"b"键可以正常启动操作系统啦~

如下图所示，操作系统启动成功啦

六.误删除"/boot/grub/grub.conf"配置文件案例

1>.删除"grub.conf"配置文件并重启操作系统

[root@yinzhengjie ~]# cp /boot/grub/grub.conf ./
[root@yinzhengjie ~]#
[root@yinzhengjie ~]# ll
total
-rw------- root root Dec : grub.conf
-rw-r--r-- root root Dec windows.jpg
[root@yinzhengjie ~]#
[root@yinzhengjie ~]# rm -f /boot/grub/grub.conf
[root@yinzhengjie ~]#
[root@yinzhengjie ~]# reboot #重启操作系统后发现操作系统无法启动了，如下图所示。Broadcast message from root@yinzhengjie
(/dev/pts/) at : ...The system is going down for reboot NOW!
[root@yinzhengjie ~]#

2>.手动顺序编写grub配置文件

kernel /vmlinuz-2.6.-.el6.x86_64 root=/dev/mapper/vg_node200-lv_root #这个根分区是路径是指定你安装操作系统的路径哟~

initrd /initramfs-2.6.32-754.el6.x86_64.imgboot温馨提示:
执行上述3条命令仅当次启动有效，下一次依旧无法启动，最好将上面的命令写入"/boot/grub/grub.conf"配置文件中，我在试验开始之前就对"grub.conf"配置文件进行备份操作。

3>.恢复grub.conf的备份文件，以防止下次无法正常启动的情况

[root@yinzhengjie ~]# ll
total
-rw------- root root Dec : grub.conf
-rw-r--r-- root root Dec windows.jpg
[root@yinzhengjie ~]#
[root@yinzhengjie ~]# mv grub.conf /boot/grub/
[root@yinzhengjie ~]#
[root@yinzhengjie ~]# reboot Broadcast message from root@yinzhengjie
(/dev/pts/) at : ...The system is going down for reboot NOW!
[root@yinzhengjie ~]#

[root@yinzhengjie ~]# cat /boot/grub/grub.conf

[root@yinzhengjie ~]# cat /proc/cmdline#查看内核参数
ro root=/dev/mapper/vg_node200-lv_root nomodeset rd_NO_LUKS LANG=en_US.UTF- rd_LVM_LV=vg_node200/lv_swap rd_NO_MD SYSFONT=latarcyrheb-sun16 cra
shkernel=128M rd_LVM_LV=vg_node200/lv_root KEYBOARDTYPE=pc KEYTABLE=us rd_NO_DM
[root@yinzhengjie ~]#

[root@yinzhengjie ~]# cat /proc/cmdline#查看内核参数

七.Linux操作系统之grub加密实战案例

博主推荐阅读:
https://www.cnblogs.com/yinzhengjie/p/11915217.html

八.更改Linux启动菜单的背景图

博主推荐阅读:
https://www.cnblogs.com/yinzhengjie/p/11914677.html