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<<linux device driver,third edition>> Chapter 3:Char Drivers

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The Internal Representation of Device Numbers

Within the kernel,the dev_t type(defined in linux/types.h ) is used to hold device numbers---both the major and minor parts.

it should,instead,make use of a set of macros found in linux/kdev_t.h.To obtain the major or minor parts of a dev_t,use: 

MAJOR(dev_t dev);
MINOR(dev_t dev);

If,instead,you have the major and minor numbers and need to turn them into a dev_t,use: 

MKDEV(int major,int minor);

Allocating and Freeing Device Numbers

one of the first things your driver will need to do when setting up a char device is to obtain one or more device numbers to work with.

declared in linux/fs.h: 

//static alloc device number
int register_chrdev_region(dev_t first,unsigned int count,char *name);

//dynamic alloc
int alloc_chrdev_region(dev_t *dev,unsigned int firstminor,unsigned int count,char *name);

//free device number
void unregister_chrdev_region(dev_t first,unsigned int count);

Some Important Data Structures

File Operations

Each open file(represented internally by a file structrue)is associated with its own set of functions(by including a field called f_op that points to a file_operations structure)

We can consider the file to be an "object" and the functions operating on it to be its "method"(object-oriented programming)

The file Structure

The file structure represents an open file.

The inode Structure

The inode structure is used by the kernel internally to represent files.

There can be numerous file structures representing multiple open descriptors on a single file,but all point to a single inode structure.

Char Device Registration

Before the kernel invokes your device's operations,you must allocate and register one or more of type struct cdev(linux/cdev.h).

There are two ways of allocating and initializing one of these structures. 

struct cdev *my_cdev = cdev_alloc();
my_cdev->ops = &my_fops;
//or
void cdev_init(struct cdev *cdev,struct file_operations *fops);
int cdev_add(struct cdev *dev,dev_t num,unsigned int count);
void cdev_del(struct cdev *dev);

The open Method 
int (*open)(struct inode * inode,struct file *filp);

The release Method 
int (*release)(struct inode * inode,struct file *filp);

read and write

prototype: 

ssize_t read(struct file *filp,char __user *buf,size_t count,loff_t *offp);

ssize_t write(struct file *filp,const char __user *buf,size_t count,loff_t *offp);

copy a whole segment of data to or from the user address space.(linux/uaccess.h) 

unsigned long copy_to_user(void __user *to,const void *from,unsigned long count);

unsigned long copy_from_user(void *to,const void __user * from,unsigend long count);

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