Arch Linux pacman 与其他发行版操作比较

原文：https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Pacman/Rosetta
https://old-en.opensuse.org/Software_Management_Command_Line_Comparison

http://dnf.readthedocs.org/en/latest/cli_vs_yum.html

ty	co	Action	行动	Arch	Red Hat/Fedora	Debian/Ubuntu	SLES/openSUSE	Gentoo	ty
Basic operations 基本操作	1	Install a package(s) by name	按名称安装软件包	pacman -S	dnf install	apt install	zypper install zypper in	emerge [-a]	Basic operations 基本操作
	2	Remove a package(s) by name	按名称删除包	pacman -Rs	dnf remove	apt remove	zypper remove zypper rm	emerge -C
	3	Search for package(s) by searching the expression in name, description, short description. What exact fields are being searched by default varies in each tool. Mostly options bring tools on par.	通过在名称，描述，简短描述中搜索表达式来搜索包。默认搜索的确切字段在每个工具中都有所不同。大多数选项带来了相同的工具。	pacman -Ss	dnf search	apt search	zypper search zypper se [-s]	emerge -S
	4	Upgrade Packages - Install packages which have an older version already installed	升级包 - 安装已安装旧版本的包	pacman -Syu	dnf upgrade	apt update && apt upgrade	zypper update zypper up	emerge -u world
	5	Upgrade Packages - Another form of the update command, which can perform more complex updates -- like distribution upgrades. When the usual update command will omit package updates, which include changes in dependencies, this command can perform those updates.	升级包 - 另一种形式的更新命令，可以执行更复杂的更新 - 例如分发升级。当通常的更新命令将省略包更新（包括依赖关系的更改）时，此命令可以执行这些更新。	pacman -Syu	dnf distro-sync	apt update && apt dist-upgrade	zypper dup	emerge -uDN world
	6	Clean up all local caches. Options might limit what is actually cleaned. Autoclean removes only unneeded, obsolete information.	清理所有本地缓存 。选项可能会限制实际清理的内容。 Autoclean仅删除不需要的过时信息。	pacman -Sc pacman -Scc	dnf clean all	apt autoclean apt clean	zypper clean	eclean distfiles
	7	Remove dependencies that are no longer needed, because e.g. the package which needed the dependencies was removed.	删除不再需要的依赖项，例如删除了需要依赖项的包。	pacman -Qdtq | pacman -Rs -	dnf autoremove	apt autoremove	zypper rm -u	emerge --depclean
	8	Remove packages no longer included in any repositories.	删除不再包含在任何存储库中的包。	pacman -Qmq | pacman -Rs -	dnf repoquery --extras	aptitude purge '~o'
	9	Mark a package previously installed as a dependency as explicitly required.	将先前作为依赖项安装的包标记为明确要求。	pacman -D --asexplicit	dnf mark install	apt-mark manual		emerge --select
	10	Install package(s) as dependency / without marking as explicitly required.	安装包作为依赖/没有明确要求的标记。	pacman -S --asdeps	dnf install => dnf mark remove	apt-mark auto		emerge -1
	11	Only downloads the given package(s) without unpacking or installing them	仅下载给定的软件包而无需解压缩或安装它们	pacman -Sw	dnf download	apt install --download-only (into the package cache) apt download (bypass the package cache)	zypper --download-only	emerge --fetchonly
	12	Start a shell to enter multiple commands in one session	启动shell以在一个会话中输入多个命令			apt-config shell	zypper shell
	13	Show a log of actions taken by the software management.	显示软件管理所采取的操作的日志。	cat /var/log/pacman.log	dnf history	cat /var/log/dpkg.log	cat /var/log/zypp/history	located in /var/log/portage
	14	Get a dump of the whole system information - Prints, Saves or similar the current state of the package management system. Preferred output is text or XML. (Note: Why either-or here? No tool offers the option to choose the output format.)	获取整个系统信息的转储 - 打印，保存或类似包管理系统的当前状态。首选输出是文本或XML。 （注意：为什么或者在这里？没有工具提供选择输出格式的选项。）	(see /var/lib/pacman/local)	(see /var/lib/rpm/Packages)	apt-cache stats	n/a	emerge --info
	15	e-mail delivery of package changes	电子邮件传递包更改			apt install apt-listchanges
Querying specific packages 查询特定包	1	Show all or most information about a package. The tools' verbosity for the default command vary. But with options, the tools are on par with each other.	显示有关包的所有或大部分信息。 工具对默认命令的详细程度各不相同。 但是通过选项，这些工具彼此相同。	pacman -[S|Q]i	dnf list, dnf info	apt show / apt-cache policy	zypper info zypper if	emerge -S; emerge -pv; eix	Querying specific packages 查询特定包
	2	Display local package information: Name, version, description, etc.	显示本地包信息：名称，版本，描述等。	pacman -Qi	rpm -qi / dnf info installed	dpkg -s / aptitude show	zypper info; rpm -qi	emerge -pv and emerge -S
	3	Display remote package information: Name, version, description, etc.	显示远程包信息：名称，版本，描述等。	pacman -Si	dnf info	apt-cache show / aptitude show	zypper info	emerge -pv and emerge -S or equery m (meta)
	4	Display files provided by local package	显示本地包提供的文件	pacman -Ql	rpm -ql	dpkg -L	rpm -Ql	equery files
	5	Display files provided by a remote package	显示远程包提供的文件	pacman -Fl	dnf repoquery -l or repoquery -l (from package yum-utils)	apt-file list $pattern		pfl
	6	Query the package which provides FILE	查询提供FILE的包	pacman -Qo	rpm -qf (installed only) or dnf provides (everything) or repoquery -f (from package yum-utils)	dpkg -S / dlocate	zypper search -f	equery belongs
	7	List the files that the package holds. Again, this functionality can be mimicked by other more complex commands.	列出程序包包含的文件。 同样，此功能可以通过其他更复杂的命令来模仿。	pacman -Ql pacman -Fl	dnf repoquery -l	dpkg-query -L	rpm -ql	equery files
	8	Displays packages which provide the given exp. aka reverse provides. Mainly a shortcut to search a specific field. Other tools might offer this functionality through the search command.	显示提供给定exp的包。 又名反向提供。 主要是搜索特定字段的快捷方式。 其他工具可能通过搜索命令提供此功能。	pacman -Fo	dnf provides	apt-file search	zypper what-provides zypper wp	equery belongs (only installed packages); pfl
	9	Search all packages to find the one which holds the specified file. auto-apt is using this functionality.	搜索所有包以查找包含指定文件的包。 auto-apt正在使用此功能。	pacman -Fs	dnf provides	apt-file search	zypper search -f	equery belongs
	10	Show the changelog of a package	显示包的更改日志	pacman -Qc	rpm -q --changelog	apt-get changelog	rpm -q --changelog	equery changes -f
Querying package lists 查询包列表	1	Search for package(s) by searching the expression in name, description, short description. What exact fields are being searched by default varies in each tool. Mostly options bring tools on par.	通过在名称，描述，简短描述中搜索表达式来搜索包。默认搜索的确切字段在每个工具中都有所不同。大多数选项带来了相同的工具。	pacman -Ss	dnf search	apt search	zypper search zypper se [-s]	emerge -S	Querying package lists 查询包列表
	2	Lists packages which have an update available. Note: Some provide special commands to limit the output to certain installation sources, others use options.	列出具有可用更新的包。注意：有些命令提供特殊命令来限制输出到某些安装源，其他命令则使用选项。	pacman -Qu	dnf list updates, dnf check-update	apt-get upgrade -> n	zypper list-updates zypper patch-check (just for patches)	emerge -uDNp world
	3	Display a list of all packages in all installation sources that are handled by the packages management. Some tools provide options or additional commands to limit the output to a specific installation source.	显示由包管理处理的所有安装源中的所有包的列表。某些工具提供选项或其他命令以限制输出到特定安装源。	pacman -Sl	dnf list available	apt-cache dumpavail apt-cache dump (Cache only) apt-cache pkgnames	zypper packages	emerge -ep world
	4	Generates a list of installed packages	生成已安装包的列表	pacman -Q	dnf list installed	dpkg --list | grep ^i	zypper search --installed-only	emerge -ep world
	5	List packages that are installed but are not available in any installation source (anymore).	列出已安装但在任何安装源（不再）中都不可用的软件包。	pacman -Qm	dnf list extras	deborphan	zypper se -si | grep 'System Packages'	eix-test-obsolete
	6	List packages that were recently added to one of the installation sources, i.e. which are new to it.	列出最近添加到其中一个安装源的软件包，即新的安装源。	(none)	dnf list recent	aptitude search '~N' / aptitude forget-new	n/a	eix-diff
	7	List installed local packages along with version	列出已安装的本地软件包以及版本	pacman -Q	rpm -qa	dpkg -l	zypper search -s; rpm -qa	emerge -e world
	8	Search locally installed package for names or descriptions	在本地安装的包中搜索名称或描述	pacman -Qs	rpm -qa '*<str>*'	aptitude search '~i(~n $name|~d $description)'		eix -S -I
	9	List packages not required by any other package	列出任何其他包不需要的包	pacman -Qt	package-cleanup --all --leaves	deborphan -anp1
	10	List packages installed explicitly (not as dependencies)	列出明确安装的包（不是依赖项）	pacman -Qe	dnf history userinstalled	apt-mark showmanual
	11	List packages installed automatically (as dependencies)	列出自动安装的包（作为依赖项）	pacman -Qd		apt-mark showauto
Querying package dependencies 查询包依赖项	1	Display packages which require X to be installed, aka show reverse dependencies.	显示需要安装X的软件包，也就是显示反向依赖项。	pacman -Sii	dnf repoquery --alldeps --whatrequires or repoquery --whatr[equires]	apt-cache rdepends / aptitude search ~D$pattern	zypper search --requires	equery depends	Querying package dependencies 查询包依赖项
	2	Display packages which conflict with given expression (often package). Search can be used as well to mimic this function.	显示与给定表达式（通常是包）冲突的包。 也可以使用搜索来模仿此功能。		dnf repoquery --conflicts	aptitude search '~C$pattern'
	3	List all packages which are required for the given package, aka show dependencies.	列出给定包所需的所有包，即show dependencies。	pacman -[S|Q]i	dnf repoquery --requires or repoquery -R	apt-cache depends / apt-cache show	zypper info --requires	emerge -ep
	4	List what the current package provides	列出当前包提供的内容		dnf provides	dpkg -s / aptitude show	zypper info --provides	equery files
	5	List all packages that require a particular package	列出需要特定包的所有包		dnf repoquery --alldeps --whatrequires	aptitude search ~D{depends,recommends,suggests}:$pattern / aptitude why	zypper search --requires	equery depends -a
	6	Display all packages that the specified packages obsoletes.	显示指定包废弃的所有包。		dnf list obsoletes	apt-cache show
	7	Generates an output suitable for processing with dotty for the given package(s).	生成适合于使用dotty处理给定包的输出。			apt-cache dotty	n/a
Installation sources management 安装源管理	1	Installation sources management	安装源管理	${EDITOR} /etc/pacman.conf	${EDITOR} /etc/yum.repos.d/${REPO}.repo	${EDITOR} /etc/apt/sources.list	${EDITOR} /etc/zypp/repos.d/${REPO}.repo	layman	Installation sources management 安装源管理
	2	Add an installation source to the system. Some tools provide additional commands for certain sources, others allow all types of source URI for the add command. Again others, like apt and dnf force editing a sources list. apt-cdrom is a special command, which offers special options design for CDs/DVDs as source.	将安装源添加到系统。 某些工具为某些源提供附加命令，其他工具允许add命令的所有类型的源URI。 其他人，比如apt和dnf强制编辑源列表。 apt-cdrom是一个特殊的命令，它提供CD / DVD的特殊选项设计作为源。	/etc/pacman.conf	/etc/yum.repos.d/*.repo	apt-cdrom add	zypper service-add	layman, overlays
	3	Refresh the information about the specified installation source(s) or all installation sources.	刷新有关指定安装源或所有安装源的信息。	pacman -Sy (always upgrade the whole system afterwards)	dnf clean expire-cache && dnf check-update	apt-get update	zypper refresh zypper ref	emerge --sync;layman -S
	4	Prints a list of all installation sources including important information like URI, alias etc.	打印所有安装源的列表，包括URI，别名等重要信息。	cat /etc/pacman.d/mirrorlist	cat /etc/yum.repos.d/*	apt-cache policy	zypper service-list	layman -l
	5	List all packages from a certain repo	列出某个仓库中的所有包裹	paclist <repo>
	6	Disable an installation source for an operation	禁用操作的安装源		dnf --disablerepo=			emerge package::repo-to-use
	7	Download packages from a different version of the distribution than the one installed.	从分发版本的不同版本下载软件包。		dnf --releasever=	apt-get install -t release package/ apt-get install package/release (deps not covered)		echo "category/package ~amd64" >> /etc/portage/package.keywords && emerge package
Overrides 覆盖	1	Add a package lock rule to keep its current state from being changed	添加程序包锁定规则以防止其当前状态发生更改	/etc/pacman.conf modify IgnorePkg array	dnf.conf <--”exclude” option (add/amend)	apt-mark hold pkg	Put package name in /etc/zypp/locks, or zypper al	/etc/portage/package.mask	Overrides 覆盖
	2	Delete a package lock rule	删除包锁定规则	remove package from IgnorePkg line in /etc/pacman.conf		apt-mark unhold pkg	Remove package name from /etc/zypp/locks or zypper rl	/etc/portage/package.mask (or package.unmask)
	3	Show a listing of all lock rules	显示所有锁定规则的列表	cat /etc/pacman.conf		/etc/apt/preferences	View /etc/zypp/locks or zypper ll	cat /etc/portage/package.mask
	4	Set the priority of the given package to avoid upgrade, force downgrade or to overwrite any default behavior. Can also be used to prefer a package version from a certain installation source.	设置给定包的优先级以避免升级，强制降级或覆盖任何默认行为。 也可用于优先选择某个安装源的软件包版本。	${EDITOR} /etc/pacman.conf Modify HoldPkg and/or IgnorePkg arrays		/etc/apt/preferences, apt-cache policy	zypper mr -p	${EDITOR} /etc/portage/package.keywords Add a line with =category/package-version
	5	Remove a previously set priority	删除先前设置的优先级			/etc/apt/preferences	zypper mr -p	${EDITOR} /etc/portage/package.keywords remove offending line
	6	Show a list of set priorities.	显示设置优先级列表。			apt-cache policy /etc/apt/preferences	zypper lr -p	cat /etc/portage/package.keywords
	7	Ignores problems that priorities may trigger.	忽略优先级可能触发的问题。				n/a
Verification and repair 验证和修复	1	Verify single package	验证单个包	pacman -Qk[k]	rpm -V	debsums	rpm -V	equery check	Verification and repair 验证和修复
	2	Verify all packages	验证所有包	pacman -Qk[k]	rpm -Va	debsums	rpm -Va	equery check
	3	Reinstall given Package - Will reinstall the given package without dependency hassle.	重新安装给定的包 - 将重新安装给定的包没有依赖性麻烦。	pacman -S	dnf reinstall	apt install --reinstall	zypper install --force	emerge -1O
	4	Verify dependencies of the complete system. Used if installation process was forcefully killed.	验证整个系统的依赖关系。 如果强制终止安装过程，则使用。	pacman -Dk	dnf repoquery --requires	apt-get check	zypper verify	emerge -uDN world
	5	Use some magic to fix broken dependencies in a system	使用一些魔法来修复系统中破坏的依赖项	pacman dep level - pacman -Dk, shared lib level - findbrokenpkgs or lddd	dnf repoquery --unsatisfied	apt-get --fix-broken aptitude install	zypper verify	revdep-rebuild
	6	Add a checkpoint to the package system for later rollback	将检查点添加到包系统以便以后回滚		(unnecessary, done on every transaction)		n/a
	7	Remove a checkpoint from the system	从系统中删除检查点	N/A	N/A		n/a
	8	Provide a list of all system checkpoints	提供所有系统检查点的列表	N/A	dnf history list		n/a
	9	Rolls entire packages back to a certain date or checkpoint.	将整个包裹卷回特定日期或检查点。	N/A	dnf history rollback		n/a
	10	Undo a single specified transaction.	撤消单个指定的事务。	N/A	dnf history undo		n/a
Using package files and building packages 使用包文件和构建包	1	Query a package supplied on the command line rather than an entry in the package management database	查询命令行上提供的包而不是包管理数据库中的条目	pacman -Qp	rpm -qp	dpkg -I			Using package files and building packages 使用包文件和构建包
	2	List the contents of a package file	列出包文件的内容	pacman -Qpl	rpmls rpm -qpl	dpkg -c	rpm -qpl
	3	Installs local package file, e.g. app.rpm and uses the installation sources to resolve dependencies	安装本地包文件，例如 app.rpm并使用安装源来解决依赖关系	pacman -U	dnf install	apt install	zypper in	emerge
	4	Updates package(s) with local packages and uses the installation sources to resolve dependencies	使用本地软件包更新软件包，并使用安装源来解决依赖关系	pacman -U	dnf upgrade	debi		emerge
	5	Add a local package to the local package cache mostly for debugging purposes.	将本地程序包添加到本地程序包高速缓存主要用于调试目的。	cp $filename /var/cache/pacman/pkg/		apt-cache add	n/a	cp $filename /usr/portage/distfiles
	6	Extract a package	提取包	tar -Jxvf	rpm2cpio | cpio -vid	dpkg-deb -x	rpm2cpio | cpio -vid	tar -jxvf
	7	Install/Remove packages to satisfy build-dependencies. Uses information in the source package.	安装/删除包以满足构建依赖性。 使用源包中的信息。	automatic	dnf builddep	apt-get build-dep	zypper si -d	emerge -o
	8	Display the source package to the given package name(s)	将源包显示给给定的包名称		dnf repoquery -s	apt-cache showsrc	n/a
	9	Downloads the corresponding source package(s) to the given package name(s)	将相应的源包下载到给定的包名称	Use ABS && makepkg -o	dnf download --source	apt-get source / debcheckout	zypper source-install	emerge --fetchonly
	10	Build a package	构建一个包	makepkg -s	rpmbuild -ba (normal) mock (in chroot)	debuild	rpmbuild -ba; build; osc build	ebuild; quickpkg
	11	Check for possible packaging issues	检查可能的包装问题	namcap	rpmlint	lintian	rpmlint	repoman